Abstract:
A method of producing fatty acid alkyl ester from an organic oil source containing at least one free fatty acid, wherein the vegetable and/or animal waste oil has an acid number of at least 30 mg KOH/g and wherein the method comprises the steps of a) reacting the oil source with glycerol at a temperature, which is at least 110° C. and does not exceed 180° C. during the reaction, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least methane sulfonic acid or the homo anhydride thereof; and b) acidic transesterification at a temperature, which is at least 110° C. and does not exceed 160° C. during the reaction of the reaction product from step a) with an alkanol; and c) isolating the fatty acid alkyl ester from the reaction product of step b).
Abstract:
Mixture of L- and D-enantiomers of methyl glycine diacetic acid (MGDA) or its respective mono-, di or trialkali metal or mono-, di- or triammonium salts, said mixture containing predominantly the respective L-isomer with an enantiomeric excess (ee) in the range of from 10 to 75%.
Abstract:
The present inventin relates to a process for depositing a metal layer on a substrate by contacting the substrate with a metal plating bath comprising a metal ion source and a suppressor, and applying a current density to the substrate, where the suppressor is a polycarboxylate ether as described below. The invention further relates to a metal plating bath comprising a metal ion source and the suppressor which is a polycarboxylate ether; and to a use of the polycarboxylate ether in a metal plating bath for depositing a metal layer on a substrate.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method of producing fatty acid alkyl ester from an organic oil source containing at least one free fatty acid, wherein the oil source has an acid number of at least 30 mg KOH/g oil source and wherein the method comprises the steps of a) reacting the oil source with glycerol at a temperature, which does not exceed 180° C. during the reaction, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one alkyl or aryl sulfonic acid or an homoanhydride thereof; and b) transesterification of the reaction product from step a) with an alkanol; and c) isolating the fatty acid alkyl ester from the reaction product of step b).
Abstract:
A method of enhancing soil water infiltration (SWI) and/or reducing soil water repellency (SWR) comprising: treating an area of groundcover with a composition A comprising A1) a block polymer (P) comprising at least one polyethyleneoxide moiety and at least one polypropyleneoxide moiety, and A2) an alcohol alkoxylate (E), wherein the SWI of the area of groundcover is enhanced and/or the SWR of the area of groundcover is reduced after treatment with the composition A.