Abstract:
A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) includes multiple electro-optical converters to generate multiple first optical signals in response to multiple input signals, multiple optical attenuators to attenuate intensities of the first optical signals and to generate multiple second optical signals, an optical coupler to combine the second optical signals and to generate a third optical signal, and a photodetector to convert the third optical signal into an electrical analog signal.
Abstract:
A system and a method of transforming a gain and an integral time constant of a proportional-integral (PI) controller according to a timer lapse time to relieve an excessive phenomenon of a steam generator level caused by rapid changes in open degrees of a downcomer feed-water valve and an economizer feed-water valve when reactor power transfers between low and high power sections. Accordingly, an excessive phenomenon of a steam generator level is relieved at a transfer time when reactor power transfers between low and high power sections. Therefore, a possibility of a stop of a reactor caused by the excessive phenomenon of the steam generator level is reduced to relieve burden on an operator and improve an operation rate and economic feasibility of a nuclear power plant.
Abstract:
An optical fibre device based on the Raman effect comprises a first optical source to provide light at a first wavelength, and a holey optical fibre which receives the light from the first optical source such that optical gain or loss is provided at a second wavelength by the effect of Raman scattering within the fibre. For optical gain, the second wavelength is longer than the first wavelength, and the device can be operated as an amplifier, or as a laser if optical feedback is provided. For optical loss, the second wavelength is shorter than the first, and the device may be used as an optical modulator. The fibre may be fabricated from pure silica, although other undoped or doped materials may alternatively be used to tailor properties of the fibre such as gain spectrum, bandwidth, power handling capability and mode propagation.
Abstract:
An optical fiber sensor may include an optical fiber configured to receive a light having a first frequency from a light source and to transmit the light through the optical fiber, the transmitted light having the first frequency and a second frequency which is generated by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), a photodetector configured to receive the transmitted light from the optical fiber and to convert the transmitted light into an electric signal and a sensing circuit configured to calculate an average squared value of the electric signal received from the photodetector, which is dependent on a frequency difference between the first frequency and the second frequency.
Abstract:
Apparatus for providing timing jitter tolerant optical modulation of a first signal by a second signal, the first signal having a first wavelength, the second signal including a plurality of second signal pulses having a second pulse shape and a second wavelength. The apparatus includes a first signal input port, a second signal input port, a coupler, a grating and a non-linear optical device. The apparatus is configured to direct the second signal at the second signal input port to the non-linear optical device via the coupler and the grating, and to direct the first signal at the first signal input port to the non-linear optical device. The grating is a superstructured fibre Bragg grating that converts the second signal pulses into intermediary pulses each having an intermediary pulse shape. The intermediary pulse shape is such that it provides a switching window within the non-linear optical device.