摘要:
A subject for the invention is to obtain trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (t-CHDA) in a high concentration by efficiently isomerizing cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (c-CHDA) by a simple method. The invention provides: (1) a process for producing t-CHDA which comprises heating crude CHDA to 180° C. or higher in an inert atmosphere and causing the t-CHDA formed by isomerization to precipitate in the molten c-CHDA while holding the crude CHDA at a temperature in the range of not lower than 180° C. and less than the melting point of t-CHDA; (2) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA which is powdery or granular is heat-treated at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA to thereby isomerize the cis isomer to the trans isomer while maintaining the powdery or granular state; (3) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA is held at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA in an inert atmosphere while maintaining flowing to thereby obtain powdery or granular t-CHDA; and (4) a process for purifying crude CHDA in which crude CHDA obtained through the step of hydrogenating TPA or the like is heated in an atmosphere of an inert gas to volatilize and remove impurities.
摘要:
A subject for the invention is to obtain trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (t-CHDA) in a high concentration by efficiently isomerizing cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (c-CHDA) by a simple method. The invention provides: (1) a process for producing t-CHDA which comprises heating crude CHDA to 180° C. or higher in an inert atmosphere and causing the t-CHDA formed by isomerization to precipitate in the molten c-CHDA while holding the crude CHDA at a temperature in the range of not lower than 180° C. and less than the melting point of t-CHDA; (2) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA which is powdery or granular is heat-treated at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA to thereby isomerize the cis isomer to the trans isomer while maintaining the powdery or granular state; (3) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA is held at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA in an inert atmosphere while maintaining flowing to thereby obtain powdery or granular t-CHDA; and (4) a process for purifying crude CHDA in which crude CHDA obtained through the step of hydrogenating TPA or the like is heated in an atmosphere of an inert gas to volatilize and remove impurities.
摘要:
A subject for the invention is to obtain trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (t-CHDA) in a high concentration by efficiently isomerizing cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (c-CHDA) by a simple method. The invention provides: (1) a process for producing t-CHDA which comprises heating crude CHDA to 180° C. or higher in an inert atmosphere and causing the t-CHDA formed by isomerization to precipitate in the molten c-CHDA while holding the crude CHDA at a temperature in the range of not lower than 180° C. and less than the melting point of t-CHDA; (2) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA which is powdery or granular is heat-treated at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA to thereby isomerize the cis isomer to the trans isomer while maintaining the powdery or granular state; (3) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA is held at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA in an inert atmosphere while maintaining flowing to thereby obtain powdery or granular t-CHDA; and (4) a process for purifying crude CHDA in which crude CHDA obtained through the step of hydrogenating TPA or the like is heated in an atmosphere of an inert gas to volatilize and remove impurities.
摘要:
A subject for the invention is to obtain trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (t-CHDA) in a high concentration by efficiently isomerizing cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (c-CHDA) by a simple method. The invention provides: (1) a process for producing t-CHDA which comprises heating crude CHDA to 180° C. or higher in an inert atmosphere and causing the t-CHDA formed by isomerization to precipitate in the molten c-CHDA while holding the crude CHDA at a temperature in the range of not lower than 180° C. and less than the melting point of t-CHDA; (2) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA which is powdery or granular is heat-treated at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA to thereby isomerize the cis isomer to the trans isomer while maintaining the powdery or granular state; (3) a process for producing t-CHDA, wherein crude CHDA is held at a temperature of not lower than the melting point of c-CHDA and lower than the melting point of t-CHDA in an inert atmosphere while maintaining flowing to thereby obtain powdery or granular t-CHDA; and (4) a process for purifying crude CHDA in which crude CHDA obtained through the step of hydrogenating TPA or the like is heated in an atmosphere of an inert gas to volatilize and remove impurities.
摘要:
An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support, an undercoat layer that is provided on the conductive support and that has a thickness of from 15 μm to 40 μm and has light transmittance of 20% or less with respect to light having a wavelength of 450 nm when the thickness is at least 15 μm, a charge generation layer that is provided on the undercoat layer, and a charge transport layer that is provided on the charge generation layer and that has a thickness of from 15 μm to 40 μm and has light transmittance of 30% or less with respect to light having a wavelength of 450 nm when the thickness is at least 15 μm.
摘要:
A display includes: a display substrate including a liquid crystal layer; a driving substrate driving the display substrate; and a damp-proof layer continuously provided along a top face and side faces of the display substrate, and a top face of the driving substrate.
摘要:
A method of producing a light-emitting element is provided. The method includes forming a first half-transmitting/reflecting film and a second half-transmitting/reflecting film sequentially on an organic layer by physical vapor deposition.
摘要:
A method of producing a light-emitting element is provided. The method includes forming a first half-transmitting/reflecting film and a second half-transmitting/reflecting film sequentially on an organic layer by physical vapor deposition.
摘要:
A piezoelectric element includes: a lower electrode which is formed on a surface of a vibrating plate, and is one polarity of a piezoelectric element which displaces the vibrating plate; a flexurally-deformable piezoelectric body formed on a surface of the lower electrode; and an upper electrode which is formed on a surface of the piezoelectric body, and is another polarity of the piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric body is formed by a vacuum deposition method. Polarization of the piezoelectric body is oriented in a direction from the lower electrode toward the upper electrode.
摘要:
A semiconductor device including a semiconductor element and a functional member fixed thereto with an adhesive film is provided, where the performance or reliability degradation due to moisture entered by way of the adhesive film itself or the interfaces between the adhesive film and members adjacent thereto can be suppressed with a simple structure. The semiconductor element has an active region for realizing a predetermined function, formed on a surface of the element. The functional member has a predetermined function and is fixed on a surface side of the semiconductor element with the adhesive film. A metal film covers a region including at least all outer side faces of the semiconductor element, all outer side faces of the adhesive film, an interface between the adhesive film and the semiconductor element, and an interface between the adhesive film and the functional member.