摘要:
An alignment layer to be used for liquid crystal displays each having at least two substrates with liquid crystals sealed therebetween is formed as follows. The substrates placed on each of several substrate trays are heated in a first load-lock chamber. At least one of the two substrates is irradiated with evaporated particles of oxide silicon (SiOx: 1.0≦×≦2.0) by vacuum deposition at an angle in the range from 45° to 60° from a direction of the normal line on the substrate surface to form an alignment layer thereon while the substrate trays are being moved in a layer-deposition chamber intermittently or sequentially. The substrate trays are cooled in a second load-lock chamber, thus producing substrates each formed the alignment layer thereon. The deposition chamber may be set under a requirement 0≦&Dgr;&thgr;≦3° in &Dgr;&thgr;=tan−1)dcos &thgr;/(D+d sin &thgr;)), “d” a distance from the substrate center to the center of a substrate edge, “D” a distance from the substrate center to the center of an evaporation source containing the oxide silicon, and &thgr; an angle formed between a direction in which the normal line extends on the substrate center and another direction in which evaporated particles of oxide silicon are deposited on the substrate center from the evaporation source. The alignment layer may be formed at an angle of layer deposition in the range from 3° to 10°.
摘要:
An alignment layer to be used for liquid crystal displays each having at least two substrates with liquid crystals sealed therebetween is formed as follows: The substrates placed on each of several substrate trays are heated in a first load-lock chamber. At least one of the two substrates is irradiated with evaporated particles of oxide silicon (SiOx: 1.0≦×≦2.0) by vacuum deposition at an angle in the range from 45° to 60° from a direction of the normal line on the substrate surface to form an alignment layer thereon while the substrate trays are being moved in a layer-deposition chamber intermittently or sequentially. The substrate trays are cooled in a second load-lock chamber, thus producing substrates each formed the alignment layer thereon. The deposition chamber may be set under a requirement 0≦&Dgr;&thgr;≦3° in &Dgr;&thgr;=tan−1(d cos &thgr;/(D+d sin &thgr;)), “d” a distance from the substrate center to the center of a substrate edge, “D” a distance from the substrate center to the center of an evaporation source containing the oxide silicon, and &thgr; an angle formed between a direction in which the normal line extends on the substrate center and another direction in which evaporated particles of oxide silicon are deposited on the substrate center from the evaporation source. The alignment layer may be formed at an angle of layer deposition in the range from 3° to 10°.
摘要:
The invention relates to a zoom lens which, albeit being of simplified construction, makes sure brightness and holds back fluctuations of astigmatism, and facilitates making sure being fast and the angle of view and the zoom ratio at the wide-angle end. The zoom lens comprises a first group G1 of positive power, a second group G2 of negative power and a third group G3 of positive power, with a stop S between the second group G2 and the third group G3. Upon zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the first group G1, the second group G2, and the third group G3 moves; the second group G2 moves toward the object side after moving toward the image side; the first group G1 and the third group G3 are positioned on the object side at the telephoto end with respect to the wide-angle end. The first group G1 comprises one negative lens and one or two positive lenses, and the second group G2 comprises a first negative meniscus lens convex on its object side, a second negative lens wherein the image side surface is larger in the absolute value of a curvature than the object side surface, and a third positive lens wherein the object side surface is larger in the absolute value of a curvature than the image side surface. Upon focusing from a far distance to a near distance, the second group G2 moves.
摘要:
The invention relates to a telephoto lens that can easily have high resolving power best suited for use with digital cameras and maintain the integrity of performance even at the nearest distance and a telephoto lens system that incorporates the same and is best suited for use with lens interchangeable digital cameras. The telephoto lens comprises, in order from its object side, a first lens group G1 having positive refracting power, a second lens group G2, a third lens group G3 having positive refracting power and a fourth lens group G4 having negative refracting power. An aperture stop S is interposed between the second lens group G2 and the fourth lens group G4, and the second lens group G2 comprises a positive lens and a negative lens. Upon focusing from an infinite object point to the nearest object point, the second lens group G2 moves in the optical axis direction, the third lens group G3 moves toward the object side and the aperture stop S moves together with the third lens group G3 while the space between adjacent lens groups changes.
摘要:
A coating film having a refractive index of from 1.28 to 1.38 and a contact angle of water of from 90.degree. to 115.degree., adhered on a substrate surface, and prepared by reacting a particular tetraalkylsilicate, a particular fluorine-containing silicon compound, a particular hydroxy-containing compound, and oxalic acid in a particular range of ratios and in the absence of water, and under further specified reaction conditions.
摘要:
A process for forming a liquid crystal vertical alignment film on an electrode substrate surface, which comprises preparing a reaction mixture comprising a silicon compound (A) of the following formula (1): Si(OR).sub.4 (1) wherein R is a C.sub.1-5 alkyl group, a silicon compound (B) of the following formula (2): R.sup.1 Si(OR).sub.3 (2) wherein R.sup.1 is an unsubstituted or fluorinated C.sub.3-20 alkyl group, and R is as defined above, an alcohol (C) of the following formula (3): R.sup.2 CH.sub.2 OH (3) wherein R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, or an unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-12 alkyl group, and oxalic acid (D), in a ratio of from 0.05 to 0.43 mol of the silicon compound (B) per mol of the silicon compound (A), in a ratio of from 0.5 to 100 mol of the alcohol (C) per mol of the total alkoxy groups contained in the silicon compounds (A) and (B), and in a ratio of from 0.2 to 2 mol of the oxalic acid (D) per mol of the total alkoxy groups contained in the silicon compounds (A) and (B).
摘要:
A zoom lens comprises in order from an object side, a first lens unit, a second lens unit, a third lens unit, a fourth lens unit, and a fifth lens unit having, respectively, a positive, negative, positive, negative, and positive refractive power. At the time of zooming from a wide angle end to a telephoto end, the first, third, and fourth lens units move toward the object side. A distance between the first and second lens units increase, a distance between the second and third lens units decrease, a distance between the third lens unit and the fourth lens unit changes, and a distance between the fourth lens unit and the fifth lens unit increases. The zoom lens satisfies the following expressions: 1.54
摘要:
A zoom lens comprises in order from an object side, a first lens unit, a second lens unit, a third lens unit, a fourth lens unit, and a fifth lens unit having, respectively, a positive, negative, positive, negative, and positive refractive power. At the time of zooming from a wide angle end to a telephoto end, the first, third, and fourth lens units move toward the object side. A distance between the first and second lens units increase, a distance between the second and third lens units decrease, a distance between the third lens unit and the fourth lens unit changes, and a distance between the fourth lens unit and the fifth lens unit increases. The zoom lens satisfies the following expressions: 1.54
摘要:
An image pickup apparatus includes a zoom lens, and an image pickup element having an image pickup surface which receives optically an image formed by the zoom lens, and which converts the image received to an electric signal. The image pickup apparatus satisfies the following conditional expressions (1), (2), and (3). Lv 1 Er/Lv 1 EL
摘要翻译:一种图像拾取装置包括变焦透镜和具有摄像表面的图像拾取元件,该图像拾取表面光学地接收由变焦透镜形成的图像,并且将接收的图像转换为电信号。 图像拾取装置满足以下条件表达式(1),(2)和(3)。 Lv 1 Er / Lv 1 EL <0.49(1)0.93
摘要:
The invention relates to a real image type zoom finder that, albeit being reduced in size and thickness, can gain high enough zoom ratios and an imaging system equipped with such a real image type zoon finder. The real image type zoom finder comprises an objective optical system Ob, an image-erection optical system Ie and an eyepiece optical system Oc. The objective optical system Ob comprises a negative first lens group G1, a positive second lens group G2, a negative third lens group G3 and a positive fourth lens group G4. Upon zooming, the first lens group G1 and the fourth lens group G4 remain fixed, the second lens group G2 moves toward the object side at the telephoto end rather than at the wide-angle end, and the third lens group G3 moves toward the image side at the telephoto end rather than at the wide-angle end. The first lens group G1 consists of one single lens of double-concave shape, and that single lens satisfies condition (1) regarding a shape factor SF1.