公开(公告)号：US06345113B1

公开(公告)日：2002-02-05

申请号：US09228379

申请日：1999-01-12

申请人： Carl R. Crawford ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Muzzafer Hiraoglu

发明人： Carl R. Crawford ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Muzzafer Hiraoglu

IPC分类号： G06K900

CPC分类号： G06K9/00771 ,  G06K9/00201 ,  G06K2209/09

摘要： An apparatus and method for identifying and classifying objects represented in CT data for a region using the shape of the objects are disclosed. An object represented by CT data for a region is identified. Next, a two-dimensional projection of the object along a principal axis of the object is generated. The principal axis can be identified by computing eigenvectors of a covariance matrix of spatial locations of voxels in the CT data that are associated with the object. The smallest eigenvector can be selected as the principal axis of the object along which the two-dimensional projection is generated. The identification of the object can be used in the classification of the object such as by altering one or more discrimination parameters.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于使用对象的形状来识别和分类在用于区域的CT数据中表示的对象的装置和方法。 识别由区域的CT数据表示的对象。 接下来，生成物体沿物体的主轴的二维投影。 可以通过计算与对象相关联的CT数据中的体素的空间位置的协方差矩阵的特征向量来识别主轴。 可以选择最小的特征向量作为生成二维投影的物体的主轴。 对象的识别可以用于对象的分类，例如通过改变一个或多个辨别参数。

公开(公告)号：US06195444B1

公开(公告)日：2001-02-27

申请号：US09228380

申请日：1999-01-12

申请人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzzafer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzzafer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： G06K900

CPC分类号： G06K9/00771 ,  G06K2209/09

摘要： A method and apparatus for detecting concealed objects in computed tomography data are disclosed. Sheet-shaped objects such as sheet explosives can be detected by a CT scanning system, in particular, a CT baggage scanning system. The invention analyzes CT voxels in a subregion in proximity to the sheet object to determine if the sheet object is concealed in an electronic device or is “sandwiched” within an item such as a book or magazine. To detect electronic concealment, the number of voxels in a subregion that contains the object having a density above a predetermined threshold is counted and the ratio of that number of voxels to the number of object voxels is computed. If the ratio exceeds a threshold, then it is concluded that the object is concealed in electronics. In response, the CT scanning system can alter discrimination parameters to allow the object to be classified as a threat. For “sandwich” concealment, layers on opposite sides of a sheet object are examined. The mean and standard deviation of density values for the voxels are computed. Where the mean density exceeds a predetermined threshold and the standard deviation is below a different threshold, for at least one of the layers, then it is concluded that the sheet object is sandwiched within an innocuous object such as a magazine or a book.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于检测计算机断层摄影数据中的隐藏对象的方法和装置。 CT扫描系统，特别是CT行李扫描系统可以检测片状物体，如片状炸药。 本发明分析在片材对象附近的子区域中的CT体素，以确定片材物体是否被隐藏在电子设备中，或者被“夹在”诸如书籍或杂志的物品内。 为了检测电子隐藏，对包含密度高于预定阈值的对象的子区域中的体素数进行计数，并计算该体素数与对象体素数之比。 如果比值超过阈值，则得出结论，该物体被隐藏在电子设备中。 作为响应，CT扫描系统可以改变辨别参数以允许对象被分类为威胁。 对于“三明治”隐蔽，检查片材对象的相对侧上的层。 计算体素密度值的平均值和标准偏差。 在平均密度超过预定阈值并且标准偏差低于不同阈值的情况下，对于至少一个层，则得出结论，片材物体被夹在诸如杂志或书籍的无害物体内。

公开(公告)号：US06317509B1

公开(公告)日：2001-11-13

申请号：US09022059

申请日：1998-02-11

申请人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： G06K900

CPC分类号： G01V5/005 ,  G01N33/22 ,  G06K9/00771 ,  G06K2209/09

摘要： A method and apparatus detects sheet explosives in computed tomography (CT) data. In particular, sheet-shaped objects such as sheet explosives can be discriminated from other object shapes and detected. The detection includes analyzing a neighborhood of voxels surrounding a test voxel. If the density of the test voxel is sufficiently different from the mean density of the neighboring voxels, then it is concluded that the test voxel is associated with a sheet object. Sheet objects can also be detected by eroding the CT data so as to eliminate voxels associated with thin objects. Remaining objects are then subtracted from the original data, leaving only thin sheet-shaped objects. Erosion of the data can be performed by identifying a neighborhood of voxels surrounding a voxel of interest. If the number of voxels having densities below a predetermined threshold exceeds a predetermined number, then it is assumed that the test voxel is a surface voxel and is removed from the object. A connectivity process can be applied to voxels to combine them into objects after sheets are detected to prevent sheets from being inadvertently removed from the data by erosion. A dilation function can then be performed on the eroded object to replace surface voxels removed by erosion. A corrected mass using the mean eroded density of the object can be computed and compared to mass thresholds to classify the object as to whether it poses a threat. Multiple mass thresholds can be used, each of which is associated with a particular density range based on the density of an expected threat object.

摘要翻译： 计算机断层摄影（CT）数据中的方法和装置检测片状炸药。 特别地，片状物体如片状炸药可以与其他物体形状区分开来并进行检测。 检测包括分析围绕测试体素的体素的邻域。 如果测试体素的密度与相邻体元的平均密度有很大的不同，则可以得出结论，测试体素与片材物体相关联。 也可以通过侵蚀CT数据来检测片材物体，以消除与薄物体相关联的体素。 然后从原始数据中减去剩余对象，只留下薄片状物体。 可以通过识别感兴趣的体素周围的体素的邻域来执行数据的侵蚀。 如果具有低于预定阈值的密度的体素的数量超过预定数量，则假设测试体素是表面体素并且从对象中移除。 可以将连接过程应用于体素，以便在检测到页面之后将其组合到对象中，以防止纸张被侵蚀从而无意中从数据中移除。 然后可以对侵蚀的物体执行扩张功能，以取代被侵蚀除去的表面体素。 可以计算使用对象的平均侵蚀密度的校正质量，并将其与质量阈值进行比较，以对对象是否构成威胁进行分类。 可以使用多个质量阈值，每个质量阈值基于预期威胁对象的密度与特定密度范围相关联。

公开(公告)号：US6111974A

公开(公告)日：2000-08-29

申请号：US22189

申请日：1998-02-11

申请人： Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： A61B6/00 ,  G01T1/166 ,  G01V5/00 ,  G06K9/00 ,  G06K9/56 ,  G06T5/00

CPC分类号： G06T7/0081 ,  G01V5/005 ,  G06K9/00771 ,  G06T7/0091 ,  G06K2209/09 ,  G06T2200/04 ,  G06T2207/10081 ,  G06T2207/30112

摘要： A method and apparatus for detecting objects in computed tomography (CT) data, including sheet-shaped objects such as sheet explosives can be detected by analyzing a neighborhood of voxels surrounding a test voxel. If the density of the test voxel is sufficiently different from the mean density of the neighboring voxels, then it is concluded that the test voxel is associated with a sheet object. A connectivity process can be applied to voxels to combine them into objects after sheets are detected to prevent sheets from being inadvertently removed from the data by erosion.

摘要翻译： 可以通过分析围绕测试体素的体素的邻域来检测计算机断层摄影（CT）数据中包括片状物体（例如片状炸药）的物体的方法和装置。 如果测试体素的密度与相邻体元的平均密度有很大的不同，则可以得出结论，测试体素与片材物体相关联。 可以将连接过程应用于体素，以便在检测到页面之后将其组合到对象中，以防止纸张被侵蚀从而无意中从数据中移除。

公开(公告)号：US6075871A

公开(公告)日：2000-06-13

申请号：US21781

申请日：1998-02-11

申请人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： A61B6/00 ,  G01T1/166 ,  G01V5/00 ,  G06K9/00 ,  G06K9/56 ,  G06T5/00 ,  G06T7/00

CPC分类号： G01V5/005 ,  G06K9/00771 ,  G06T7/0002 ,  G06T7/0081 ,  G06T7/0091 ,  G06K2209/09 ,  G06T2207/10081 ,  G06T2207/30112

摘要： A method and apparatus for detecting objects in computed tomography (CT) data, including sheet-shaped objects such as sheet explosives, analyze a neighborhood of voxels surrounding a test voxel. Erosion of the data can be performed by identifying a neighborhood of voxels surrounding a voxel of interest. If the number of voxels having densities below a predetermined threshold exceeds a predetermined number, then it is assumed that the test voxel is a surface voxel and is removed from the object. A connectivity process can be applied to voxels to combine them into objects after sheets are detected to prevent sheets from being inadvertently removed from the data by erosion. A dilation function can then be performed on the eroded object to replace surface voxels removed by erosion.

摘要翻译： 一种用于检测计算机断层摄影（CT）数据中的物体的方法和装置，包括诸如片状炸药的片状物体，分析围绕测试体素的体素的邻域。 可以通过识别感兴趣的体素周围的体素的邻域来执行数据的侵蚀。 如果具有低于预定阈值的密度的体素的数量超过预定数量，则假设测试体素是表面体素并且从对象中移除。 可以将连接过程应用于体素，以便在检测到页面之后将其组合到对象中，以防止纸张被侵蚀从而无意中从数据中移除。 然后可以对侵蚀的物体执行扩张功能，以取代被侵蚀除去的表面体素。

公开(公告)号：US06185272B2

公开(公告)日：2001-02-06

申请号：US09268628

申请日：1999-03-15

申请人： Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： G01N2304

CPC分类号： G01V5/0008 ,  G06K9/00 ,  Y10S378/901

摘要： A system for and method of detecting and classifying objects contained within or concealed by items scanned by an X-ray scanner is described. Greater throughput and relatively reduced cost is achieved by using a shared bulk memory for entering imaging data received from the scanner into slots of a bulk shared memory; and storing detection and classification data in slots of the bulk memory after processing imaging data so as to provide detection and classification data relating to absence or suspected presence of predetermined target objects. Preferably, the scanner is a CT scanner and the imaging data is CT data.

摘要翻译： 描述用于检测和分类由X射线扫描仪扫描的物品内或隐藏的物体的系统和方法。 通过使用共享大容量存储器将从扫描仪接收的成像数据输入大容量共享存储器的插槽来实现更高的吞吐量和相对降低的成本; 并且在处理成像数据之后将检测和分类数据存储在大容量存储器的时隙中，以便提供与不存在或怀疑存在预定目标对象有关的检测和分类数据。 优选地，扫描器是CT扫描仪，并且成像数据是CT数据。

公开(公告)号：US6108396A

公开(公告)日：2000-08-22

申请号：US22354

申请日：1998-02-11

申请人： Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： G01N23/04

CPC分类号： G06K9/00771 ,  G06K2209/09 ,  Y10S378/901

摘要： Sheet explosives can be detected by analyzing voxels surrounding a test voxel. If the density is sufficiently different, it is concluded that the test voxel is associated with a sheet object. Sheet objects can also be detected by eroding the CT data then subtracting from the original data, leaving only thin sheet-shaped objects. A connectivity process can be applied to voxels to combine them into objects after sheets are detected. A dilation function can then be performed to replace surface voxels. A corrected mass can be computed and compared to mass thresholds to classify the object as to whether it poses a threat. Multiple mass thresholds can be used. Bulk objects can be detected by a modified morphological connected components labeling (CCL) approach which performs a series of erosion and dilation steps to separate adjacent objects in the data such that they can be individually labeled and analyzed. A merging process can be used to reconnect related items, such as multiple sticks, that were separated during an erosion step. The merging process allows multiple objects that would individually pass as non-threat items to be combined into a single item that is correctly classified as a threat. The system can also identify objects that contain liquids, if desired.

摘要翻译： 可以通过分析测试体素周围的体素来检测片状炸药。 如果密度充分不同，则得出结论，测试体素与片材物体相关联。 也可以通过侵蚀CT数据然后从原始数据中减去仅留下薄片状物体来检测纸张对象。 可以将连接过程应用于体素，以便在检测到床单后将它们组合到对象中。 然后可以执行扩张功能来代替表面体素。 可以计算校正的质量，并将其与质量阈值进行比较，以对对象是否构成威胁进行分类。 可以使用多个质量阈值。 大量物体可以通过修改后的形态连接分量标记（CCL）方法进行检测，该方法执行一系列侵蚀和扩张步骤以分离数据中的相邻物体，使得它们可以被单独标记和分析。 可以使用合并过程来重新连接在侵蚀步骤期间分离的相关项目，例如多个棒。 合并过程允许将单独作为非威胁项目通过的多个对象组合成正确分类为威胁的单个项目。 如果需要，系统还可以识别含有液体的物体。

公开(公告)号：US6067366A

公开(公告)日：2000-05-23

申请号：US22204

申请日：1998-02-11

申请人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： A61B6/00 ,  G06K9/00 ,  G06K9/42 ,  G06T7/00

CPC分类号： G06T7/0004 ,  G06K9/00771 ,  G06K2209/09

摘要： A method and apparatus for detecting objects in computed tomography (CT) data are disclosed. Erosion of the data can be performed by identifying a neighborhood of voxels surrounding a voxel of interest. If the number of voxels having densities below a predetermined threshold exceeds a predetermined number, then it is assumed that the voxel of interest is a surface voxel of an object and is removed from the object. A connectivity process is then applied to remaining voxels to combine them into objects. A dilation function can then be performed on the eroded object to replace surface voxels removed by erosion. This morphological connected components labeling (CCL) approach separates adjacent objects in the data such that they can be individually labeled and analyzed.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于检测计算机断层摄影（CT）数据中的物体的方法和装置。 可以通过识别感兴趣的体素周围的体素的邻域来执行数据的侵蚀。 如果具有低于预定阈值的密度的体素的数量超过预定数量，则假设感兴趣的体素是对象的表面体素并且从对象中移除。 然后将连接过程应用于剩余的体素以将它们组合成对象。 然后可以对侵蚀的物体执行扩张功能，以取代被侵蚀除去的表面体素。 这种形态连通的组件标记（CCL）方法将数据中的相邻对象分开，使得它们可以被单独标记和分析。

公开(公告)号：US6035014A

公开(公告)日：2000-03-07

申请号：US22164

申请日：1998-02-11

申请人： Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Sergey Simanovsky ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： G01N23/04

CPC分类号： G06K9/00771 ,  G06K2209/09 ,  Y10S378/901

摘要： A method and apparatus for detecting objects in computed tomography (CT) data are disclosed. Sheet-shaped objects such as sheet explosives can be detected by analyzing a neighborhood of voxels surrounding a test voxel. If the density of the test voxel is sufficiently different from the mean density of the neighboring voxels, then it is concluded that the test voxel is associated with a sheet object. Sheet objects can also be detected by eroding the CT data so as to eliminate voxels associated with thin objects. Remaining objects are then subtracted from the original data, leaving only thin sheet-shaped objects. Bulk objects can be detected by a modified morphological connected components labeling (CCL) approach which performs a series of erosion and dilation steps to separate adjacent objects in the data such that they can be individually labeled and analyzed. The process of the invention can be carried out in multiple paths. That is, for example, a sheet object detection process and a bulk object detection process can be implemented separately and in parallel. During the sheet object detection process, the data can be analyzed to identify bulk objects. Those objects can then be removed from the data and the remaining data can then be analyzed to identify any remaining sheets. Redundant analysis of data is eliminated.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于检测计算机断层摄影（CT）数据中的物体的方法和装置。 可以通过分析围绕测试体素的体素周围来检测片状物体，例如片状炸药。 如果测试体素的密度与相邻体元的平均密度有很大的不同，则可以得出结论，测试体素与片材物体相关联。 也可以通过侵蚀CT数据来检测片材物体，以消除与薄物体相关联的体素。 然后从原始数据中减去剩余对象，只留下薄片状物体。 大量物体可以通过修改后的形态连接分量标记（CCL）方法进行检测，该方法执行一系列侵蚀和扩张步骤以分离数据中的相邻物体，使得它们可以被单独标记和分析。 本发明的方法可以在多条路径中进行。 也就是说，例如，可以单独地并行地实现片材对象检测处理和批量对象检测处理。 在纸张对象检测过程中，可以分析数据以识别批量对象。 然后可以从数据中删除那些对象，然后可以分析剩余的数据以识别任何剩余的纸张。 数据的冗余分析被消除。

公开(公告)号：US6026143A

公开(公告)日：2000-02-15

申请号：US22165

申请日：1998-02-11

申请人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

发明人： Sergey Simanovsky ,  Ibrahim M. Bechwati ,  Muzaffer Hiraoglu ,  Carl R. Crawford

IPC分类号： G01N23/04

CPC分类号： G06K9/00771 ,  G06K2209/09 ,  Y10S378/901

摘要： Sheet-shaped objects can be detected by analyzing voxels surrounding a test voxel. If the density different from the mean density then the test voxel is associated with a sheet object. Sheet objects can also be detected by eroding the CT data. Remaining objects are then subtracted from the original data removing with surface voxels, being removed. A connectivity process combines voxels into objects after sheets are detected A dilation function replaces surface voxels removed by erosion. A corrected mass can be compared to mass thresholds to classify the object. Multiple mass thresholds can be used, each of which is associated with a particular density range based on the density of an expected threat object. Bulk objects can be detected by a modified morphological connected components labeling (CCL) approach. A merging process can be used to reconnect related items, The system can also identify objects that contain liquids. The overall system performance, including overall object detection rate and false alarm rate, can be adjusted by adjusting individual object detection rates and/or false alarm rates.

摘要翻译： 可以通过分析测试体素周围的体素来检测片状物体。 如果密度与平均密度不同，则测试体素与片材物体相关联。 也可以通过侵蚀CT数据来检测纸张对象。 然后从原始数据中删除剩余的对象，删除表面体素。 连接过程在检测到纸张之后将体素组合到对象中扩张功能取代了被侵蚀消除的表面体素。 可以将校正的质量与质量阈值进行比较以对对象进行分类。 可以使用多个质量阈值，每个质量阈值基于预期威胁对象的密度与特定密度范围相关联。 大量物体可以通过修改后的形态连接元件标记（CCL）方法进行检测。 合并过程可用于重新连接相关项目，系统还可以识别含有液体的物体。 可以通过调整个别物体检测率和/或误报率来调整整体系统性能，包括总体物体检测率和误报率。