公开(公告)号：US4544458A

公开(公告)日：1985-10-01

申请号：US159796

申请日：1980-06-16

申请人： Walther G. Grot ,  Charles J. Molnar ,  Paul R. Resnick

发明人： Walther G. Grot ,  Charles J. Molnar ,  Paul R. Resnick

IPC分类号： C08F8/06 ,  C08J5/22 ,  C25B1/14 ,  C25B1/18 ,  C25B1/34

CPC分类号： C08J5/2293 ,  C08J2371/12

摘要： Fluorinated ion exchange polymers which have pendant side chains which contain --OCF.sub.2 COOR groups, or which have both pendant side chains containing carboxylic groups and pendant side chains which contain sulfonyl groups, when used in the form of membranes to separate the anode and cathode compartments of an electrolysis cell, permit operation at high current efficiency. Those containing both carboxylic and sulfonyl groups can be made by oxidation of fluorinated polymers which have pendant side chains containing sulfinic groups, or both sulfinic and sulfonyl groups. The fluorinated polymers which have pendant side chains containing sulfinic groups, or both sulfinic and sulfonyl groups, are in turn made from fluorinated polymers which have pendant side chains containing sulfonyl halide groups by reduction with, for example, hydrazine. Those polymers which have only pendant side chains which contain --OCF.sub.2 COOR groups can be made by copolymerization of a mixture of monomers, one of which is a vinyl monomer which contains the indicated carboxylic group. Fluorinated ion exchange polymers which have pendant side chains containing --OCF.sub.2 COOR groups and also pendant side chains which contain sulfonyl groups can also be made by copolymerization of a mixture of monomers, one of which is a vinyl monomer which contains the indicated carboxylic group; and also by treatment of a polymer which contains --OCF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H or salts thereof with a combination of fluorine and oxygen.

摘要翻译： 当以膜的形式使用含有-OCF 2 COOR基团的侧链或具有含羧基的侧链和含有磺酰基的侧链的侧链的氟化离子交换聚合物将阳极和阴极隔室分离 电解槽，允许高电流效率运行。 含有羧基和磺酰基的那些可以通过氟化聚合物的氧化来制备，所述氟化聚合物具有侧链，其含有亚磺酰基，或亚磺酰基和磺酰基。 具有亚磺酸基侧链或亚磺酰基基团的侧链的氟化聚合物又由具有例如肼还原的具有磺酰卤基团侧链的氟化聚合物制成。 仅具有含有-OCF 2 COOR基团的侧链侧链的那些聚合物可以通过单体混合物共聚来制备，其中一种是含有指定羧基的乙烯基单体。 具有含有-OCF 2 COOR基团的侧面侧链和含有磺酰基的侧链的氟化离子交换聚合物也可以通过使单体混合物共聚来制备，其中一种是含有指定羧基的乙烯基单体; 并且还通过处理含有-OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 H的聚合物或其盐与氟和氧的组合。

公开(公告)号：US4267364A

公开(公告)日：1981-05-12

申请号：US959839

申请日：1978-11-13

申请人： Walther G. Grot ,  Charles J. Molnar ,  Paul R. Resnick

发明人： Walther G. Grot ,  Charles J. Molnar ,  Paul R. Resnick

IPC分类号： C08F8/06 ,  C08J5/22 ,  B01D13/04

CPC分类号： C08J5/2293 ,  C08J2327/12 ,  C08J2327/18

摘要： Fluorinated ion exchange polymers which have pendant side chains which contain --OCF.sub.2 COOR groups, or which have both pendant side chains containing carboxylic groups and pendant side chains which contain sulfonyl groups, when used in the form of membranes to separate the anode and cathode compartments of an electrolysis cell, permit operation at high current efficiency. Those containing both carboxylic and sulfonyl groups can be made by oxidation of fluorinated polymers which have pendant side chains containing sulfinic groups, or both sulfinic and sulfonyl groups. The fluorinated polymers which have pendant side chains containing sulfinic groups, or both sulfinic and sulfonyl groups, are in turn made from fluorinated polymers which have pendant side chains containing sulfonyl halide groups by reduction with, for example, hydrazine. Those polymers which have only pendant side chains which contain --OCF.sub.2 COOR groups can be made by copolymerization of a mixture of monomers, one of which is a vinyl monomer which contains the indicated carboxylic group.Fluorinated ion exchange polymers which have pendant side chains containing --OCF.sub.2 COOR groups and also pendant side chains which contain sulfonyl groups can also be made by copolymerization of a mixture of monomers, one of which is a vinyl monomer which contains the indicated carboxylic group; and also by treatment of a polymer which contains --OCF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 SO.sub.3 H or salts thereof with a combination of fluorine and oxygen.

摘要翻译： 当以膜的形式使用含有-OCF 2 COOR基团的侧链或具有含羧基的侧链和含有磺酰基的侧链的侧链的氟化离子交换聚合物将阳极和阴极隔室分离 电解槽，允许高电流效率运行。 含有羧基和磺酰基的那些可以通过氟化聚合物的氧化来制备，所述氟化聚合物具有侧链，其含有亚磺酰基，或亚磺酰基和磺酰基。 具有亚磺酸基侧链或亚磺酰基基团的侧链的氟化聚合物又由具有例如肼还原的具有磺酰卤基团侧链的氟化聚合物制成。 仅具有含有-OCF 2 COOR基团的侧链侧链的那些聚合物可以通过单体混合物共聚来制备，其中一种是含有指定羧基的乙烯基单体。 具有含有-OCF 2 COOR基团的侧面侧链和含有磺酰基的侧链的氟化离子交换聚合物也可以通过使单体混合物共聚来制备，其中一种是含有指定羧基的乙烯基单体; 并且还通过处理含有-OCF 2 CF 2 SO 3 H的聚合物或其盐与氟和氧的组合。

公开(公告)号：US4255240A

公开(公告)日：1981-03-10

申请号：US45413

申请日：1979-06-04

申请人： Charles J. Molnar ,  Edward H. Price ,  Paul R. Resnick

发明人： Charles J. Molnar ,  Edward H. Price ,  Paul R. Resnick

IPC分类号： C08J5/22 ,  C25B1/46

CPC分类号： C25B1/46 ,  C08J5/2237 ,  C08J5/2281 ,  C08J2327/12

摘要： Ion-exchange films, membranes and laminar structures incorporating a layer of a blend of a first fluorinated polymer which contains sulfonyl groups in ionizable form and a second fluorinated polymer which contains carboxylic acid functional groups, when used to separate the anode and cathode compartments of an electrolysis cell, permit operation at high current efficiency and low power consumption. They can be made by synthesis of precursor polymers in melt-fabricable form, blending, fabrication of the film, membrane or laminar structure, and hydrolysis of the functional groups to ionizable form, such as the free acid form or alkali metal salt thereof.

摘要翻译： 离子交换膜，膜和层状结构，其包含含有可离子化形式的含有磺酰基的第一氟化聚合物的混合物层和含有羧酸官能团的第二含氟聚合物，当用于将阳极和阴极隔室 电解槽，电流效率高，功耗低。 它们可以通过以可熔融制造的形式合成前体聚合物，共混，膜的制造，膜或层状结构，以及将官能团水解成电离形式，例如游离酸形式或其碱金属盐来制备。

公开(公告)号：US4176215A

公开(公告)日：1979-11-27

申请号：US886338

申请日：1978-03-13

申请人： Charles J. Molnar ,  Edward H. Price ,  Paul R. Resnick

发明人： Charles J. Molnar ,  Edward H. Price ,  Paul R. Resnick

IPC分类号： C08J5/22 ,  C25B1/46 ,  C25B1/00 ,  B01D3/04

CPC分类号： C25B1/46 ,  C08J5/2237 ,  C08J5/2281 ,  C08J2327/12 ,  Y10T428/3154

摘要： Ion-exchange films, membranes and laminar structures incorporating a layer of a blend of a first fluorinated polymer which contains sulfonyl groups in ionizable form and a second fluorinated polymer which contains carboxylic acid functional groups, when used to separate the anode and cathode compartments of an electrolysis cell, permit operation at high current efficiency and low power consumption. They can be made by synthesis of precursor polymers in melt-fabricable form, blending, fabrication of the film, membrane or laminar structure, and hydrolysis of the functional groups to ionizable form, such as the free acid form or alkali metal salt thereof.

摘要翻译： 离子交换膜，膜和层状结构，其包含含有可离子化形式的含有磺酰基的第一氟化聚合物的混合物层和含有羧酸官能团的第二含氟聚合物，当用于将阳极和阴极隔室 电解槽，电流效率高，功耗低。 它们可以通过以可熔融制造的形式合成前体聚合物，共混，膜的制造，膜或层状结构，以及将官能团水解成电离形式，例如游离酸形式或其碱金属盐来制备。

公开(公告)号：US20130035020A1

公开(公告)日：2013-02-07

申请号：US13569165

申请日：2012-08-07

申请人： Charles J. Molnar

发明人： Charles J. Molnar

IPC分类号： H01L21/463 ,  B24B37/04 ,  B24B49/00

CPC分类号： B24B37/042 ,  B24B37/005 ,  H01L21/31053 ,  H01L21/3212 ,  H01L22/12 ,  H01L22/26 ,  H01L2924/0002 ,  H01L2924/00

摘要： Versatile methods of refining a first and a second layer of a workpiece are discussed. New refining methods and refining apparatus are disclosed. The new refining methods can help improve yield and appreciably change the cost of manufacture for refining of workpieces. The methods can be applied to workpieces having extremely close tolerances such as semiconductor wafers. New methods of control are also discussed. Methods use controllers, processors, computers, and processor readable memory devices are discussed. Use of stored information is to make changes in process control are discussed. Use of process models are discussed for refining. Determining a changed process control with stored information from first and second layers of a workpiece is disclosed. A changed process control can make an appreciable changes to the cost of manufacture of a workpiece.

摘要翻译： 讨论了对工件的第一层和第二层进行精制的通用方法。 公开了新的精炼方法和精炼装置。 新的精炼方法可以帮助提高产量并明显地改变制造工艺的成本。 这些方法可以应用于具有非常接近公差的工件，例如半导体晶片。 还讨论了新的控制方法。 讨论了使用控制器，处理器，计算机和处理器可读存储器件的方法。 使用存储的信息是对过程控制的变化进行讨论。 讨论使用过程模型进行改进。 公开了利用来自工件的第一层和第二层的存储信息确定改变的过程控制。 改变的过程控制可以对工件的制造成本做出明显的改变。

公开(公告)号：US07878882B2

公开(公告)日：2011-02-01

申请号：US11978367

申请日：2007-10-29

申请人： Charles J. Molnar

发明人： Charles J. Molnar

IPC分类号： B24B49/00 ,  B24B51/00

CPC分类号： B24B37/042 ,  G05B2219/31265 ,  G05B2219/31415 ,  G05B2219/45031 ,  G06Q10/06 ,  G06Q50/04 ,  Y02P90/30 ,  Y02P90/86

摘要： An apparatus for planarizing is disclosed. A methods of planarizing are disclosed. The methods and apparatus, can help improve yield and lower the cost of manufacture for planarizing of workpieces having extremely close tolerances such as semiconductor wafers. Cost of manufacture information are used for control. Methods to determine preferred changes to process control parameters are disclosed. Cost of manufacture models can be used and are disclosed. Process models can be used and are disclosed. A method to use business calculations combined with physical measurements to improve control is discussed. Use of business calculations to change the cost of planarizing and finishing semiconductor wafers is discussed. Activity based accounting can be used for some applications. Electro-planarizing and electro-processing for adding and removing material is disclosed. Use of current cost of manufacture information including activity based accounting information for improving manufacture, cost of manufacture, and profitability is discussed.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于平坦化的装置。 公开了一种平面化方法。 这些方法和装置可以有助于提高产量并且降低具有非常公差的工件如半导体晶片的平面化的制造成本。 制造成本信息用于控制。 公开了确定对过程控制参数的优选变化的方法。 可以使用和披露制造模型的成本。 流程模型可以被使用和公开。 讨论了使用业务计算与物理测量结合来改善控制的方法。 讨论了使用业务计算来改变半导体晶圆的平面化和精加工的成本。 基于活动的会计可以用于某些应用。 公开了用于添加和去除材料的电镀和电加工。 讨论了使用当前的制造成本信息，包括基于活动的会计信息来改进制造，制造成本和盈利能力。

公开(公告)号：US07377836B1

公开(公告)日：2008-05-27

申请号：US10822515

申请日：2004-04-12

申请人： Charles J. Molnar

发明人： Charles J. Molnar

IPC分类号： B24B49/00 ,  C23F1/00 ,  H01L21/461 ,  B23H3/00

CPC分类号： B24B37/013 ,  H01L22/12 ,  H01L2924/0002 ,  H01L2924/00

摘要： Methods of refining using a plurality of refining elements are discussed. A refining apparatus having refining elements that can be smaller than the workpiece being refined are disclosed. New refining methods, refining apparatus, and refining elements disclosed. Methods of refining using frictional refining, chemical refining, tribochemical refining, and electrochemical refining and combinations thereof are disclosed. A refining apparatus having magnetically responsive refining elements that can be smaller than the workpiece being refined are disclosed. The refining apparatus can supply a parallel refining motion to the refining element(s) for example through magnetic coupling forces. The refining apparatus can supply multiple different parallel refining motions to multiple different refining elements for example solely through magnetic coupling forces to improve refining quality and versatility. A refining chamber can be used. New methods of control are refining disclosed. The new refining methods, including magnetic refining methods, apparatus, and refining elements, including magnetically responsive refining elements, can help improve yield and lower the cost of manufacture for refining of workpieces having extremely close tolerances such as semiconductor wafers. New methods of control are also discussed. Methods and apparatus which use processor readable memory devices are discussed. Refining fluids are preferred. Reactive refining aids are preferred. Electro-refining for adding and removing material is disclosed. New methods and new apparatus for non-steady state refining control are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 讨论了使用多个精炼元件的精炼方法。 公开了一种精炼装置，该精炼装置具有能够比待精炼的工件更小的精炼元件。 公开了新的精炼方法，精炼装置和精炼元件。 公开了使用摩擦精炼，化学精炼，摩擦化学精炼和电化学精炼及其组合的精炼方法。 公开了一种具有比正在精炼的工件小的具有灵敏度的精炼元件的精炼装置。 精炼装置可以例如通过磁耦合力向精炼元件提供平行的精炼运动。 精炼设备可以通过例如仅通过磁耦合力来提供多个不同的精炼元件的多个不同的平行精炼运动来提高精炼质量和多功能性。 可以使用精炼室。 新的控制方法正在进行细化。 新的精炼方法，包括磁性精炼方法，装置和精炼元件，包括磁响应精炼元件，可以有助于提高产量并降低用于精制具有极其公差的工件（例如半导体晶片）的制造成本。 还讨论了新的控制方法。 讨论了使用处理器可读存储器件的方法和装置。 优选精炼液。 反应性精制助剂是优选的。 公开了用于添加和除去材料的电解。 公开了非稳态精炼控制的新方法和新装置。

公开(公告)号：US06986698B1

公开(公告)日：2006-01-17

申请号：US10251341

申请日：2002-09-20

申请人： Charles J. Molnar

发明人： Charles J. Molnar

IPC分类号： B24B49/00 ,  B24B51/00

CPC分类号： B24B37/013 ,  B24B49/02

摘要： A method of in situ control for finishing semiconductor wafers to improve cost of ownership is discussed. A method to use business calculations combined with physical measurements to improve control is discussed. The use of lubricating layer control in the operative finishing interface is discussed. Use of business calculations to change the cost of finishing semiconductor wafers is discussed. The method aids control of differential lubricating films and improved differential finishing of semiconductor wafers. The method aids cost of manufacture forecasting. The method can help manage and/or reduce cost of manufacture for pre-ramp-up, ramp-up, and commercial manufacture of the workpieces. The method can aid cost of manufacture forecasting for pre-ramp-up, ramp-up, and commercial manufacture of the workpieces. The method can aid process control for pre-ramp-up, ramp-up, and commercial manufacture of workpieces. Activity based accounting can be preferred for some applications. Planarization and localized finishing can be improved using differential lubricating films for finishing. New methods and new apparatus for finishing control are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 讨论了一种用于完成半导体晶片的现场控制以提高所有权成本的方法。 讨论了使用业务计算与物理测量结合来改善控制的方法。 讨论了在操作完成界面中使用润滑层控制。 讨论了使用业务计算来改变半导体晶片的成本。 该方法有助于控制差速润滑膜和改进半导体晶圆的差速精加工。 该方法有助于制造预测成本。 该方法可以帮助管理和/或降低制造的成本，用于预加工，加速和商业制造工件。 该方法可以帮助制造商预加工，加工和商业制造预测的成本。 该方法可以帮助用于工件预加工，加速和商业制造的过程控制。 某些应用程序可以优先选择基于活动的会计。 使用差速润滑膜进行精加工可以提高平面化和局部精加工。 公开了用于整理控制的新方法和新装置。

公开(公告)号：US08357286B1

公开(公告)日：2013-01-22

申请号：US11978346

申请日：2007-10-29

申请人： Charles J. Molnar

发明人： Charles J. Molnar

IPC分类号： C25F3/15

CPC分类号： B24B37/042 ,  B24B37/005 ,  H01L21/31053 ,  H01L21/3212 ,  H01L22/12 ,  H01L22/26 ,  H01L2924/0002 ,  H01L2924/00

摘要： Versatile methods of refining a first and a second layer of a workpiece are discussed. New refining methods and refining apparatus are disclosed. The new refining methods can help improve yield and appreciably change the cost of manufacture for refining of workpieces. The methods can be applied to workpieces having extremely close tolerances such as semiconductor wafers. New methods of control are also discussed. Methods use controllers, processors, computers, and processor readable memory devices are discussed. Use of stored information is to make changes in process control are discussed. Use of process models are discussed for refining. Determining a changed process control with stored information from first and second layers of a workpiece is disclosed. A changed process control can make an appreciable changes to the cost of manufacture of a workpiece.

摘要翻译： 讨论了对工件的第一层和第二层进行精制的通用方法。 公开了新的精炼方法和精炼装置。 新的精炼方法可以帮助提高产量并明显地改变制造工艺的成本。 这些方法可以应用于具有非常接近公差的工件，例如半导体晶片。 还讨论了新的控制方法。 讨论了使用控制器，处理器，计算机和处理器可读存储器件的方法。 使用存储信息是对过程控制的变更进行讨论。 讨论使用过程模型进行改进。 公开了利用来自工件的第一层和第二层的存储信息确定改变的过程控制。 改变的过程控制可以对工件的制造成本做出明显的改变。

公开(公告)号：US08269154B2

公开(公告)日：2012-09-18

申请号：US11438518

申请日：2006-05-22

申请人： Michael Robert Samuels ,  Marion Glen Waggoner ,  Joel D. Citron ,  Roger Moons ,  Charles J. Molnar

发明人： Michael Robert Samuels ,  Marion Glen Waggoner ,  Joel D. Citron ,  Roger Moons ,  Charles J. Molnar

IPC分类号： H05B6/80

CPC分类号： C08L101/12 ,  A47J36/027 ,  Y10T428/2918

摘要： Ovenware for microwave ovens which contain a composition comprising a susceptor and a thermoplastic or thermoset polymer are improved when the composition also has a thermal conductivity of about 0.7 W/m° K. or more. Heat generated by absorption of microwave radiation by the susceptor is more readily conducted to the food being cooked when the thermal conductivity of the composition is high, particularly when the part containing the susceptor is relatively thick. Also described are designs for various pieces of ovenware containing this composition.

摘要翻译： 当组合物还具有约0.7W / m°K.或更高的热导率时，含有包含感受器和热塑性或热固性聚合物的组合物的微波炉的烤箱得到改进。 当组合物的导热性高时，特别是当包含感受体的部分相对较厚时，由感受器吸收微波辐射产生的热量更容易被传导到被烹饪的食物。 还描述了包含该组合物的各种烤箱的设计。