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1.发明授权Process and apparatus for recovery of fissionable materials from spent reactor fuel by anodic dissolution 失效通过阳极溶解从废反应堆燃料中回收可裂变材料的方法和设备
公开(公告)号：US5009752A
公开(公告)日：1991-04-23
申请号：US398578
申请日：1989-08-25
摘要： An electrochemical process and apparatus for the recovery of uranium and plutonium from spent metal clad fuel pins is disclosed. The process uses secondary reactions between U.sup.+4 cations and elemental uranium at the anode to increase reaction rates and improve anodic efficiency compared to prior art processes. In another embodiment of the process, secondary reactions between Cd.sup.+2 cations and elemental uranium to form uranium cations and elemental cadmium also assists in oxidizing the uranium at the anode.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于从废金属包覆燃料销中回收铀和钚的电化学方法和装置。 该方法在阳极处使用U + 4阳离子和元素铀之间的二次反应来提高反应速率并提高阳极效率。 在该方法的另一个实施方案中，Cd + 2阳离子和元素铀之间形成铀阳离子和元素镉的二次反应也有助于氧化阳极处的铀。
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公开(公告)号：US07011736B1
公开(公告)日：2006-03-14
申请号：US10637089
申请日：2003-08-05
申请人： William E. Miller , Eddie C. Gay , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Eddie C. Gay , Zygmunt Tomczuk
IPC分类号： C25C3/34
摘要： A improved device and process for recycling spent nuclear fuels, in particular uranium metal, that facilitates the refinement and recovery of uranium metal from spent metallic nuclear fuels. The electrorefiner device comprises two anodes in predetermined spatial relation to a cathode. The anodese have separate current and voltage controls. A much higher voltage than normal for the electrorefining process is applied to the second anode, thereby facilitating oxidization of uranium (III), U+, to uranium (IV), U+4. The current path from the second anode to the cathode is physically shorter than the similar current path from the second anode to the spent nuclear fuel contained in a first anode shaped as a basket. The resulting U+4 oxidizes and solubilizes rough uranium deposited on the surface of the cathode. A softer uranium metal surface is left on the cathode and is more readily removed by a scraper.
摘要翻译： 用于回收废核燃料，特别是铀金属的改进装置和方法，其有助于从废金属核燃料中精炼和回收铀金属。 电学纯化装置包括与阴极预定的空间关系的两个阳极。 阳极电池具有单独的电流和电压控制。 对于第二阳极施加比正常电压高的电解精炼工艺，因此铀（III），铀（Ⅳ），铀（Ⅳ），U + 4， SUP>。 从第二阳极到阴极的电流路径物理上短于从第二阳极到包含在形成为篮状物的第一阳极中的废核燃料的类似电流路径。 所产生的U + 4氧化并溶解沉积在阴极表面上的粗铀。 较软的铀金属表面留在阴极上，更容易被刮刀去除。
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公开(公告)号：US5531868A
公开(公告)日：1996-07-02
申请号：US267949
申请日：1994-07-06
申请人： William E. Miller , Eddie C. Gay , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Eddie C. Gay , Zygmunt Tomczuk
摘要： A combination anode and cathode for an electrorefiner which includes a hollow cathode and an anode positioned inside the hollow cathode such that a portion of the anode is near the cathode. A retaining member is positioned at the bottom of the cathode. Mechanism is included for providing relative movement between the anode and the cathode during deposition of metal on the inside surface of the cathode during operation of the electrorefiner to refine spent nuclear fuel. A method is also disclosed which includes electrical power means selectively connectable to the anode and the hollow cathode for providing electrical power to the cell components, electrically transferring uranium values and plutonium values from the anode to the electrolyte, and electrolytically depositing substantially pure uranium on the hollow cathode. Uranium and plutonium are deposited at a liquid cathode together after the PuCl.sub.3 to UCl.sub.3 ratio is greater than 2:1. Slots in the hollow cathode provides close anode access for the liquid pool in the liquid cathode.
摘要翻译： 用于电学纯化器的组合阳极和阴极，其包括中空阴极和位于中空阴极内部的阳极，使得阳极的一部分靠近阴极。 保持构件位于阴极的底部。 包括用于在电精炼机操作期间金属沉积在阴极内部以净化废核燃料时在阳极和阴极之间提供相对运动的机构。 还公开了一种方法，其包括可选择性地连接到阳极和空心阴极的电功率装置，用于向电池组件提供电力，将铀值和钚值从阳极电转移到电解质，以及将基本上纯的铀电解沉积在 空心阴极。 在PuCl3与UCl3之比大于2:1后，铀和钚一起沉积在液体阴极上。 中空阴极中的插槽为液体阴极中的液池提供了近乎阳极的接近。
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4.发明授权公开(公告)号：US06187163B1
公开(公告)日：2001-02-13
申请号：US09206959
申请日：1998-12-08
申请人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
IPC分类号： C25C122
摘要： Purified plutonium and gallium are efficiently recovered from a solid plutonium-gallium (Pu—Ga) alloy by using an electrorefining process. The solid Pu—Ga alloy is the cell anode, preferably placed in a moving basket within the electrolyte. As the surface of the Pu—Ga anode is depleted in plutonium by the electrotransport of the plutonium to a cathode, the temperature of the electrolyte is sufficient to liquify the surface, preferably at about 500° C., resulting in a liquid anode layer substantially comprised of gallium. The gallium drips from the liquified surface and is collected below the anode within the electrochemical cell. The transported plutonium is collected on the cathode surface and is recovered.
摘要翻译： 通过使用电解精炼工艺，可以从固体钚镓（Pu-Ga）合金中有效地回收纯化的钚和镓。 固体Pu-Ga合金是电池阳极，优选放置在电解质内的移动篮中。 当Pu-Ga阳极的表面通过钚的电转移到阴极而耗尽钚时，电解质的温度足以使表面液化，优选在约500℃下，导致液体阳极层基本上 由镓组成。 镓从液化表面滴下，并在电化学电池内的阳极下收集。 运输的钚被收集在阴极表面并被回收。
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公开(公告)号：US06800262B1
公开(公告)日：2004-10-05
申请号：US09874966
申请日：2001-06-07
申请人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
IPC分类号： C01G4308
CPC分类号： C01G43/08
摘要： The subject apparatus provides a means to produce UCl3 in large quantities without incurring corrosion of the containment vessel or associated apparatus. Gaseous Cl is injected into a lower layer of Cd where CdCl2 is formed. Due to is lower density, the CdCl2 rises through the Cd layer into a layer of molten LiCl—KCL salt where a rotatable basket containing uranium ingots is suspended. The CdCl2 reacts with the uranium to form UCl3 and Cd. Due to density differences, the Cd sinks down to the liquid Cd layer and is reused. The UCl3 combines with the molten salt. During production the temperature is maintained at about 600° C. while after the uranium has been depleted the salt temperature is lowered, the molten salt is pressure siphoned from the vessel, and the salt product LiCl—KCl-30 mol % UCl3 is solidified.
摘要翻译： 本发明装置提供了大量生产UCl 3的手段，而不会导致安全壳或相关装置的腐蚀。 将气态Cl注入形成CdCl 2的Cd的下层。 由于较低的密度，CdCl 2通过Cd层上升到一层熔融的LiCl-KCL盐，其中包含铀锭的可旋转的篮子被悬浮。 CdCl2与铀反应形成UCl3和Cd。 由于密度差异，Cd下沉到液体Cd层并重新使用。 UCl3与熔融盐结合。 在生产过程中，温度保持在约600℃，而在铀已经耗尽之后，盐温降低，熔融盐从容器中被吸入，盐产物LiCl-KCl-30mol％UCl3固化。
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公开(公告)号：US5443705A
公开(公告)日：1995-08-22
申请号：US272376
申请日：1994-07-06
申请人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
摘要： An apparatus capable of functioning as a solid cathode and for removing crystalline structure from the upper surface of a liquid cathode, includes a metallic support vertically disposed with respect to an electrically insulating container capable of holding a liquid metal cathode. A piston of electrically insulating material mounted on the drive tube, surrounding the current lead, for vertical and rotational movement with respect thereto including a downwardly extending collar portion surrounding the metallic current lead. At least one portion of the piston remote from the metallic current lead being removed. Mechanism for lowering the piston to the surface of the liquid cathode and raising the piston from the surface along with mechanism for rotating the piston around its longitudinal axis.
摘要翻译： 能够用作固体阴极并从液体阴极的上表面除去晶体结构的装置包括相对于能够保持液态金属阴极的电绝缘容器垂直设置的金属支撑体。 电绝缘材料的活塞安装在驱动管上，围绕电流引线，用于相对于其垂直和旋转运动，包括围绕金属电流引线的向下延伸的套环部分。 远离金属电流引线的活塞的至少一部分被移除。 用于将活塞降低到液体阴极的表面并且使活塞从表面升高的机构以及用于使活塞围绕其纵向轴线旋转的机构。
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公开(公告)号：US5348626A
公开(公告)日：1994-09-20
申请号：US12713
申请日：1993-02-03
申请人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
CPC分类号： C25C3/34
摘要： A new electrolytic process and apparatus are provided using sodium, cerium or a similar metal in alloy or within a sodium beta or beta"-alumina sodium ion conductor to electrolytically displace each of the spent fuel metals except for cesium and strontium on a selective basis from the electrolyte to an inert metal cathode. Each of the metals can be deposited separately. An electrolytic transfer of spent fuel into the electrolyte includes a sodium or cerium salt in the electrolyte with sodium or cerium alloy being deposited on the cathode during the transfer of the metals from the spent fuel. The cathode with the deposit of sodium or cerium alloy is then chanted to an anode and the reverse transfer is carried out on a selective basis with each metal being deposited separately at the cathode. The result is that the sodium or cerium needed for the process is regenerated in the first step and no additional source of these reactants is required.
摘要翻译： 使用钠，铈或类似金属的合金或β或β“ - 氧化铝钠离子导体提供新的电解方法和装置，以电选择性地置换除了铯和锶之外的每种乏燃料金属 从电解液到惰性金属阴极。 每种金属可以分开沉积。 废燃料进入电解液的电解转移包括在废金属转移金属过程中，电解液中的钠盐或铈盐沉积在阴极上。 然后将具有钠或铈合金沉积物的阴极称为阳极，并且在阴极处分别沉积每种金属，在选择性基础上进行反向转移。 结果是，该方法所需的钠或铈在第一步中再生，并且不需要这些反应物的额外来源。
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公开(公告)号：US07217402B1
公开(公告)日：2007-05-15
申请号：US11217844
申请日：2005-08-26
CPC分类号： C01B9/02 , C01F17/0068 , C01G1/06 , C01G11/00 , C01P2006/10
摘要： A method of producing metal chlorides is disclosed in which chlorine gas is introduced into liquid Cd. CdCl2 salt is floating on the liquid Cd and as more liquid CdCl2 is formed it separates from the liquid Cd metal and dissolves in the salt. The salt with the CdCl2 dissolved therein contacts a metal which reacts with CdCl2 to form a metal chloride, forming a mixture of metal chloride and CdCl2. After separation of bulk Cd from the salt, by gravitational means, the metal chloride is obtained by distillation which removes CdCl2 and any Cd dissolved in the metal chloride.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种生产金属氯化物的方法，其中将氯气引入到液体Cd中。 CdCl 2盐漂浮在液体Cd上，并且随着形成更多的液体CdCl 2，它与液体Cd金属分离并溶解在盐中。 与其中溶解的CdCl 2 2的盐接触与CdCl 2 2反应形成金属氯化物的金属，形成金属氯化物和CdCl 2的混合物， SUB>。 在通过重力方法从盐分离体积Cd后，通过蒸馏获得金属氯化物，其除去溶解在金属氯化物中的CdCl 2 N 2和任何Cd。
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公开(公告)号：US06461576B1
公开(公告)日：2002-10-08
申请号：US09657003
申请日：2000-09-07
申请人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
IPC分类号： C01G5600
CPC分类号： C01G56/00 , C22B7/001 , G21C19/46 , Y02P10/214 , Y02W30/883
摘要： This is a pyroprocess for processing spent nuclear fuel. The spent nuclear fuel is chopped into pieces and placed in a basket which is lowered in to a liquid salt solution. The salt is rich in ZrF4 and containing alkali or alkaline earth fluorides, and in particular, the salt chosen was LiF-50 mol % ZrF4 with a eutectic melting point of 500° C. Prior to lowering the basket, the salt is heated to a temperature of between 550° C. and 700° C. in order to obtain a molten solution. After dissolution the oxides of U, Th, rare earth and other like oxides, the salt bath solution is subject to hydro-fluorination to remove the oxygen and then to a fluorination step to remove U as gaseous UF6. In addition, after dissolution, the basket contains PuO2 and undissolved parts of the fuel rods, and the basket and its contents are processed to remove the Pu.
摘要翻译： 这是一种用于处理乏核燃料的焦化过程。 将废核燃料切成碎片并放入放入液体盐溶液的篮子中。 该盐富含ZrF 4并含有碱金属或碱土金属氟化物，特别地，所选择的盐为LiF-50mol％ZrF 4，共晶熔点为500℃。在降低筐之前，将盐加热至 温度在550℃和700℃之间，以获得熔融溶液。 在溶解U，Th，稀土和其它类似氧化物的氧化物之后，将盐浴溶液进行氢氟化除去氧气，然后进行氟化步骤以除去U作为气态UF 6。 此外，在溶解后，该篮子包含PuO 2和燃料棒的未溶解部分，并且处理筐及其内容物以除去Pu。
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公开(公告)号：US5282937A
公开(公告)日：1994-02-01
申请号：US994786
申请日：1992-12-22
申请人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
发明人： William E. Miller , Zygmunt Tomczuk
CPC分类号： C25C3/02 , C25C3/34 , Y10S204/04
摘要： An electrochemical process and electrochemical cell for reducing a metal oxide are provided. First the oxide is separated as oxygen gas using, for example, a ZrO.sub.2 oxygen ion conductor anode and the metal ions from the reduction salt are reduced and deposited on an ion conductor cathode, for example, sodium ion reduced on a .beta.-alumina sodium ion conductor cathode. The generation of and separation of oxygen gas avoids the problem with chemical back reaction of oxygen with active metals in the cell. The method also is characterized by a sequence of two steps where an inert cathode electrode is inserted into the electrochemical cell in the second step and the metallic component in the ion conductor is then used as the anode to cause electrochemical reduction of the metal ions formed in the first step from the metal oxide where oxygen gas formed at the anode. The use of ion conductors serves to isolate the active components from chemically reacting with certain chemicals in the cell. While applicable to a variety of metal oxides, the invention has special importance for reducing CaO to Ca.degree. used for reducing UO.sub.2 and PuO.sub.2 to U and Pu.
摘要翻译： 提供了用于还原金属氧化物的电化学工艺和电化学电池。 首先，使用例如ZrO 2氧离子导体阳极将氧化物分离为氧气，并且来自还原盐的金属离子被还原并沉积在离子导体阴极上，例如在（β） - 氧化铝上还原的钠离子 钠离子导体阴极。 氧气的产生和分离避免了电池中氧与活性金属的化学反应的问题。 该方法的特征还在于在第二步骤中将惰性阴极插入电化学电池中的两个步骤的顺序，然后将离子导体中的金属组分用作阳极，以使电解还原形成的金属离子 在阳极处形成氧气的金属氧化物的第一步。 使用离子导体用于隔离活性组分与细胞中某些化学物质的化学反应。 当适用于各种金属氧化物时，本发明特别重要的是将用于将UO 2和PuO 2还原成U和Pu的CaO降低至Ca度。
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