Abstract:
Bei einem bekannten Messverfahren ist die Möglichkeit der Erzeugung von zwei Messstrahlen durch zwei auf der gleichen Messstrategie beruhenden Messsystemen erwähnt. Die Reflexionswinkel der auf einen Prüfling umgelenkten Messstrahlen werden als Neigungsabweichung der Oberfläche detektiert und in einer Differenz ausgewertet. Zur Verringerung von systematischen Messabweichungen wird im Stand der Technik jedoch durchgehend die Verwendung einer einzigen Messstrategie bzw. -systems mit einem verschieblichen Messstrahl vorgeschlagen. Zur Verbesserung der Messgenauigkeit bis in den Subnanometerbereich kombiniert das erfindungsgemäße Messverfahren hingegen zwei verschiedene Messstrategien, die von unterschiedlichen Messsystemen (13, 14) umgesetzt werden. Dabei kann es sich um ein Autokollimationsfernrohr (AKF) und ein Long-Trace-Profilometer (LTP) handeln, deren Messstrahlen zeit- und/oder ortsgleich und/oder -versetzt über unterschiedlich konzeptionierbare Umlenkeinheiten (15) auf den Prüfling (10) geleitet werden. Durch geeignete Korrelation der aus den unterschiedlichen Antastvarianten erhaltenen Messwerte werden unter Aufrechnung der systematischen Messabweichungen beider Messsysteme (13, 14) Messergebnisse mit einer Genauigkeit bis 0,01 Winkelsekunden, also im Subnanometerbereich, beispielsweise +/- 0,2 nm, erreicht. Damit können präzise gefertigte Oberflächen nahezu beliebiger Abmessungen, beispielsweise Nanometer-Optikkomponenten, hochgenau kontrolliert werden.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a process for ring rolling the teeth of bevel gears, preferably hypoid-toothed bevel gears, in a closed die, in which use is made of a pretreated blank of which the outline outside the shaping region of the profiled tools already substantially corresponds to the finished outline, the outline to the shaped is heated before rolling, the shaped tool together with at least one closing device rotating with it forms a closed space with respect to the heated outline of the tool, shaping is performed between two rotating tools and the bevelled upper tool is set in the direction of its line of symmetry. The invention proposes that the closing device is axially shifted along the line of symmetry of the upper shaped tool during the rolling process. The tooling of the invention for implementing the process consists of two rotating tools which are inclined towards each other in accordance with the outlines of the bevel gear to be produced. The upper shaped tool is axially adjustable towards its line of symmetry and the outline of the workpiece to be shaped is arranged during the rolling process in a closed space formed by the upper shaped tool and at least one closing device rotating with it. The closing device (4, 5) consists of an inner (4) and an outer (5) band which can be moved in the adjusting direction in relation to the upper shaped tool (3) during the rolling process.
Abstract:
The production of calcined clay is effected by using a plant known per se for producing cement by the dry or semiwet process, with a precalciner (1), for instance comprising at least one preheating line of series-connected preheating stages (2), such as cyclone preheaters or grate preheaters, and a rotary kiln or roaster (3). In accordance with the invention, the rotary kiln or roaster (3) for generating heating gas is utilized as combustion chamber (31), replaced by a combustion chamber (3') and/or completed by an additional combustion chamber.
Abstract:
The invention concerns a process for manufacturing annular work pieces from metal with a profiled cross-section, preferably with external helical gearing, and a rolling facility for carrying out the method. It is proposed that a) forming should be done with two rotating tools; b) the latter should be configured preferably at the same angle to the work piece; c) at least one tool should be fed perpendicularly to the work piece; and d) the die in a mount which is fixed at least axially should rotate about an axis of rotation extending in the tool feed direction. The rolling facility consists of a) two tools (1, 2, 21, 22) which are inclined relative to the work piece (10) preferably at the same angle, at least one tool (1, 2, 21) being capable of displacement in the tool feed direction (12, 20); b) a die (5) with inner gearing which with a closure device forms a closed chamber for the work piece, the die depth matching the width of the teeth; and c) a mount which is fixed at least axially and in which the die (5) is mounted so as to be capable of rotating about an axis extending in the tool feed direction (12, 20).