Abstract:
There is provided a position measurement system (200) comprising an object (202) having a reflective surface (204), and an interferometer (206) for determining a position of the object. The reflective surface has a first area (210a), a second area (210b) and a third area (210c). The interferometer is arranged to generate a first signal representative of the position by irradiating the first area. The interferometer is arranged to generate a second signal representative of the position by irradiating the second area. The interferometer is arranged to generate a third signal representative of the position by irradiating the third area. Along a line (212), the first area and the second area are at a first distance (214a) relative to each other. Along the line, the second area and the third area are at a second distance (214b) relative to each other. Along the line, the first area and the third area are at a third distance (214c) relative to each other. The interferometer is arranged to provide a rotation signal representative of a rotation of the object along an axis based on the first signal, the second signal and the third signal. The axis is parallel to the reflective surface and perpendicular to the line.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a position measurement system to measure a position of an object (OB) relative to a reference, comprising two interferometers (IF1, IF2), wherein each interferometer is configured to form a reference beam (40) and a measurement beam (20) from input radiation (10) and to combine the reference beam and the measurement beam to provide output radiation to be delivered to a detector (SD), wherein each interferometer is configured such that the reference beam is formed by reflection of input radiation from a reflective element (RE1, RE2), and such that the measurement beam is formed by diffraction of input radiation from a grating (GR) on the object, and wherein the reference beam and the measurement beam are parallel to each other.
Abstract:
An optical fiber, manufacturing intermediate for forming an optical fiber and a method for forming an optical fiber. The method comprises providing a manufacturing intermediate (300) having an elongate body and comprising an outer tube (308) and a plurality of inner tubes (304), the plurality of inner tubes being arranged in the outer tube, the plurality of inner tubes being arranged in one or more ring structures around, and at least partially defining, an aperture (302) extending through the elongate body along an axial dimension of the elongate body, a boundary of the aperture defining an internal surface of the manufacturing intermediate. The method further comprises etching the internal surface of the manufacturing intermediate using an etching substance, and drawing the manufacturing intermediate along the axial dimension so as to form the optical fiber.
Abstract:
A lithographic apparatus comprising an illumination system for providing a beam of radiation, a support structure for supporting a patterning device, the patterning device serving to impart the radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section, a substrate table for holding a substrate, a projection system for projecting the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate, and a wavelength modulator configured to vary a wavelength of the radiation beam across the cross-section of the radiation beam.
Abstract:
An actuator system (AS) is configured to position an object (OJ), the actuator system comprises a piezo actuator (PA) comprising an actuator contact surface (ACS). The piezo actuator is configured to exert a force (F) via the actuator contact surface onto the object. The actuator system further comprises an optical position sensor (OPS) configured to measure a position of the actuator contact surface. The piezo actuator comprises a transparent piezo material. The optical position sensor is configured to transmit an optical beam (OB) through the transparent piezo material to the actuator contact surface. The transparent piezo material may be LJNB03. The optical position sensor may form an interferometer.