公开(公告)号：WO2003031343A1

公开(公告)日：2003-04-17

申请号：PCT/US2002/032040

申请日：2002-10-09

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: C02F1/46

CPC classification number: C02F1/4672 ,  A61L2/035 ,  A61L11/00 ,  C02F1/32 ,  C02F1/36 ,  C02F1/46104 ,  C02F2103/22 ,  C02F2103/26 ,  C02F2103/32 ,  C02F2201/46115 ,  C02F2201/4612 ,  C02F2201/46155 ,  C02F2201/46185 ,  C02F2305/026

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process is used to treat, oxidize and destroy food waste materials, such as manure, biological residue, hay, straw, animal byproducts, bones, horns, blood, biological items, pathological waste and combined waste. Food waste is introduced into an apparatus (5b) for contacting the waste with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced by anodic oxidation in an electrochemical cell (25). The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the organic waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and the redox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste species, including intermediate reaction products, have undergone the desired degree of oxidation. The process takes place at temperatures between zero degrees centigrade and below the boiling point of the electrolyte.

Abstract translation: 介导的电化学氧化方法用于处理，氧化和破坏食品废物，如肥料，生物残渣，干草，秸秆，动物副产品，骨头，角，血液，生物制品，病理废物和混合废物。 将食物废物引入到用于使废物与含有一种或多种可逆的氧化还原对的氧化形式的电解质接触的装置（5b）中，其中至少一种是在电化学电池（25）中通过阳极氧化制备的。 氧化还原对的氧化物质氧化有机废物分子，并将其自身转化为还原形式，由此上述两种机制再次氧化，氧化还原循环持续到包括中间反应产物在内的所有可氧化废物物质都经历了 所需的氧化程度。 该过程发生在零摄氏度和低于电解质沸点的温度下。

公开(公告)号：WO2005028372A3

公开(公告)日：2005-03-31

申请号：PCT/US2004/018447

申请日：2004-06-10

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W. ,  MASTRACCI, Michael, L. ,  MAGGARD, Kent, E.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W. ,  MASTRACCI, Michael, L. ,  MAGGARD, Kent, E.

IPC: A62D3/00 ,  C02F1/461 ,  C02F1/467 ,  C25B9/06 ,  C25B9/08

Abstract: A unique apparatus unique apparatus and process that uses mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) for: (1) Destruction of: a) nearly all organic solid, liquid, and gases materials, except fluorinated hydrocarbons; b) all biological solid, liquid, and gases materials; c) and/or dissolution and decontamination (such as cleaning equipment and containers, etc.) of nearly all inorganic solid, liquid, or gas where higher oxidation states exist which includes, but is not limited to, halogenated inorganic compounds (except fluorinated), inorganic pesticides and herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, carbon residues, inorganic carbon compounds, mineral formations, mining tailings, inorganic salts, metals and metal compounds, etc.); and d) combined materials (e.g. a mixture of any of the foregoing with each other); henceforth collectively referred to as materials. (2) Sterilization/disinfection of equipment, glassware, etc., by destroying all existing infectious materials. (3) Dissolution of transuranic/actinide materials and/or destruction of the oxidizable components in the hazardous waste portion of mixed waste. (4) Generation of hydrogen and oxygen from MEO of materials. (5) Alteration of organic, biological, and inorganic materials by MEO to produce other compounds from these materials. The materials are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the materials with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced electrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode of an electrochemical cell. The oxidized forms of any other redox couples present are produced either by similar anodic oxidation or reaction with the oxidized form of other redox couples present and capable of affecting the required redox reaction. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the materials molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and the redox cycle continues until all oxidizable material species, including intermediate reaction products, have undergone the desired degree of oxidation. The entire process takes place at temperatures between ambient and approximately 100°C. The oxidation process may be enhanced by the addition of reaction enhancements, such as: ultrasonic energy and/or ultraviolet radiation.

公开(公告)号：WO2004012206A2

公开(公告)日：2004-02-05

申请号：PCT/US2003/023491

申请日：2003-07-29

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: G21F

CPC classification number: G21F9/04 ,  G21C19/46 ,  G21F9/125 ,  Y02W30/883 ,  Y10S588/90

Abstract: A mixed waste mediated electrochemical oxidation process (MEO) process and apparatus for the dissolution of transuranic elements (e.g., plutonium, neptunium, americium, curium, and californium), and/or compounds thereof in transuranic waste (TRUW), low level waste (LLW), low level mixed waste (LLMW), special case waste (SCW), and greater than class C (GTCC) LLW's, and also the destruction of the non-fluorocarbon (e.g., PTFE) organic component in the waste. The MEO process and apparatus operates in three different modes; dissolution, destruction, and decontamination. Non-radioactive materials combined in the waste are part of the mixed waste. The principle components of mixed waste of concern are the organic materials that are contaminated with radioactive compounds. In the first mode, dissolution, the process runs until the transuranics such as a mixed oxide or carbide, and/or mixture of oxides or carbides of uranium and plutonium are totally dissolved into solution. The second mode destruction, the process is operated such that the mixed waste materials are reduced to a CO 2 , water and small amounts of inorganic salts. The third mode decontamination, involves contaminated equipment, instruments, glassware, containers (drums and equipment). In the decontamination mode the MEO process destroys the mixed wastes that have contaminated the equipment. In the mediated electrochemical oxidation process one or more regenerable oxidizing redox couples (specified in Tables I and II) interact with the mixed waste to decompose it. The oxidizers are present in electrolytic solutions that are acidic, alkaline, or neutral, operating in the temperature range of slightly above freezing to slightly below boiling point of the electrolyte at one atmosphere.

Abstract translation: 混合废物介导的电化学氧化方法（MEO）方法和用于溶解超铀元素（例如钚，ium，ium，ium和cal）的方法和/或其化合物，和/或其化合物在超铀废物（TRUW），低水平废物 LLW），低级混合废物（LLMW），特殊情况废物（SCW）和大于C级（GTCC）的LLW，以及废物中非碳氟化合物（例如PTFE）有机成分的破坏。 MEO过程和设备以三种不同的模式运行; 溶解，破坏和去污。 在废物中组合的非放射性物质是混合废物的一部分。 混合废物的主要成分是被放射性化合物污染的有机物质。 在第一种模式中，溶解过程一直持续到铀和钚的混合氧化物或碳化物，和/或氧化物或碳化物的混合物等全超溶剂完全溶解在溶液中。 在第二种模式破坏的情况下，操作过程使得混合废料被还原成二氧化碳，水和少量的无机盐。 第三种模式去污，涉及污染的设备，仪器，玻璃器皿，容器（鼓和设备）。 在去污模式下，MEO工艺可以破坏污染设备的混合废物。 在介导的电化学氧化过程中，一种或多种可再生的氧化还原对（表I和II中指定）与混合废物相互作用以分解它。 氧化剂存在于酸性，碱性或中性的电解溶液中，在一个大气压下略微高于冰点至略低于电解质沸点的温度范围。

公开(公告)号：WO2003095116A2

公开(公告)日：2003-11-20

申请号：PCT/US2002/033732

申请日：2002-10-22

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: B09B

CPC classification number: A62D3/11 ,  A62D3/115 ,  A62D2101/00 ,  A62D2101/20

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process is used to treat, oxidize and destroy organic waste materials such as halogenated hydrocarbons (except fluorinated hydrocarbons), pesticides, detergents, petroleums and paraffins, macrocyclic compounds, plastics (except perfluorinated polymers), latex, carbon residues, cyclic aliphatic compounds (such as olefins, alcohols, ketones, etc.), aromatics, aldehydes, esters, amines, hydrocarbons (including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkenynes, heterocyclic compounds, organic acids, ethers, organometallic compounds, organic radicals (such as: univalent, bivalent, or trivalent radicals derived from saturated and unsaturated aliphatics, aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds) ; and combined waste (e.g. a mixture of any of the foregoing with each other or other non-organic waste). Waste materials are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the waste with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced electrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode of an electrochemical cell. The oxidized forms of any other redox couples present are produced either by similar anodic oxidation or reaction with the oxidized form of other redox couples present and capable of affecting the required redox reaction. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the organic waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and the redox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste species, including intermediate reaction products, have undergone the desired degree of oxidation. The entire process takes place at temperatures between ambient and approximately 100°C, thereby avoiding any possible formation of either dioxins or furans. The oxidation process may be enhanced by the addition of reaction enhancements, such as: ultrasonic energy and / or ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract translation: 介导的电化学氧化方法用于处理，氧化和破坏有机废物，如卤代烃（氟化烃除外），农药，洗涤剂，石油和石蜡，大环化合物，塑料（全氟化聚合物除外），胶乳，碳残余物，环状 脂肪族化合物（如烯烃，醇，酮等），芳族化合物，醛类，酯类，胺类，烃类（包括烷烃，烯烃，炔烃，烯烃，杂环化合物，有机酸，醚，有机金属化合物，有机基团 ：衍生自饱和和不饱和脂族烃，芳族烃，杂环化合物的单价，二价或三价基团）和组合废物（例如上述任何一种或彼此的混合物或其他非有机废物），将废物引入 用于使废物与含有氧化形式的一种或多种可逆的氧化还原对的电解液接触的装置， 其中至少一个通过在电化学电池的阳极处的阳极氧化电化学地制造。 任何其它氧化还原对的氧化形式可以通过类似的阳极氧化或与存在的能够影响所需氧化还原反应的其它氧化还原对的氧化形式的反应产生。 氧化还原对的氧化物质氧化有机废物分子，并将其自身转化为还原形式，由此上述两种机制再次氧化，氧化还原循环持续到包括中间反应产物在内的所有可氧化废物物质都经历了 所需的氧化程度。 整个过程在环境温度和约100℃之间的温度下进行，从而避免任何可能形成二恶英或呋喃。 通过加入反应增强，例如：超声能量和/或紫外线辐射可以增强氧化过程。

公开(公告)号：WO2003061714A3

公开(公告)日：2003-07-31

申请号：PCT/US2003/002151

申请日：2003-01-24

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: C02F1/461

Abstract: Sharps are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the sharps with the electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced electrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode (26) of an electrochemical cell (25). A definition of sharps is “objects or devices having acute rigid corners, edges points or protuberances capable of cutting or penetrating the skin”. The oxidized forms of any other redox couples present are produced either by similar anodic oxidation or reaction with the oxidized form of other redox couples present and capable of affecting the required redox reaction. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize sharps and the biological waste on the sharps and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized. The oxidation process will be enhanced by the addition of ultrasonic energy and/or ultraviolet radiation.

公开(公告)号：WO2003072511A1

公开(公告)日：2003-09-04

申请号：PCT/US2003/002152

申请日：2003-01-24

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: C02F1/461

CPC classification number: A62D3/115 ,  A62D3/38 ,  A62D2101/04 ,  A62D2101/22 ,  C02F1/001 ,  C02F1/32 ,  C02F1/36 ,  C02F1/4672 ,  C02F2101/36 ,  C02F2201/46115 ,  C02F2201/4612 ,  C02F2201/46155 ,  C02F2201/4616 ,  C02F2201/46185 ,  C02F2209/005 ,  C02F2305/023 ,  C02F2305/026

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process is used to treat, oxidize and destroy halogentaed hydrocarbon waste materials and combined waste. The halogenated hydrocabon waste materials are introduced into an appartatus for contacting the halogenated hydrocarbon waste materials with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced electrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode (5a) of the electrochemical cell (25). The oxidized forms of any other redox couples present are produced either by similar anodic oxidation or reaction with the oxidized form of other redox reaction. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the halogenated hydrocarbon waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized. The oxidation process may be enhanced by the addition of reaction enhancements, such as: ultrasonic energy and/or ultraviolet radation.

Abstract translation: 介导的电化学氧化方法用于处理，氧化和破坏卤代烃类废物和合并废物。 将卤代氢化物废物引​​入到用于使卤代烃废物与含有一种或多种可逆的氧化还原对的氧化形式的电解质接触的位置，其中至少一种通过在阳极（5a）处阳极氧化而电化学地制备 电化学电池（25）。 通过类似的阳极氧化或与氧化形式的其它氧化还原反应的反应产生存在的任何其它氧化还原对的氧化形式。 氧化还原对的氧化物质氧化卤代烃废物分子，并将其自身转化为还原形式，由此再次氧化。 通过添加反应增强可以增强氧化过程，例如：超声能量和/或紫外辐射。

公开(公告)号：WO2003072509A1

公开(公告)日：2003-09-04

申请号：PCT/US2003/002153

申请日：2003-01-24

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: C02F1/46

CPC classification number: C02F1/4672 ,  C02F1/001 ,  C02F1/32 ,  C02F1/36 ,  C02F2103/008 ,  C02F2201/46115 ,  C02F2201/4612 ,  C02F2201/46155 ,  C02F2201/46185 ,  C02F2209/005 ,  C02F2303/04 ,  C02F2305/023 ,  C02F2305/026

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process is used for sterilization/disinfection of contaminated instruments and infectious waste. Contaminated instruments and waste are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the infectious waste with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced at the anode (26) of an electrochemical cell (25). The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the infectious waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and the redox cycle continues until all oxidizable infectious waste species have undergone the desired degree of oxidation. The entire process takes place at temperatures between ambient an approximately 100 degree celsius. The oxidation process will be enhanced by the addition of reaction of reaction enhancements, such as: ultrasonic energy and/or ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract translation: 介导的电化学氧化过程用于污染仪器和感染性废物的消毒/消毒。 污染的仪器和废物被引入到用于使感染性废物与含有一种或多种可逆的氧化还原对的氧化形式的电解质接触的装置中，其中至少一种在电化学电池（25）的阳极（26）处产生。 氧化还原对的氧化物质氧化感染性废物分子，并将其自身转化为还原形式，于是它们被上述机制中的任何一种再氧化，并且氧化还原循环持续到所有可氧化的感染性废物都经历了所需的氧化程度。 整个过程发生在约100摄氏度的环境温度之间。 通过加入反应增强的反应，例如：超声波能量和/或紫外线辐射，将增强氧化过程。

公开(公告)号：WO2002085793A1

公开(公告)日：2002-10-31

申请号：PCT/US2002/012795

申请日：2002-04-24

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: C02F1/46

CPC classification number: A61L2/186 ,  A61L2/0011 ,  A61L2/02 ,  A61L2/03 ,  A61L2/10 ,  A61L2/183 ,  A61L11/00 ,  A61L2202/122 ,  A61L2202/14 ,  C02F1/32 ,  C02F1/36 ,  C02F1/46104 ,  C02F1/4672 ,  C02F1/78 ,  C02F2103/006 ,  C02F2103/008 ,  C02F2103/22 ,  C02F2201/4612 ,  C02F2201/46145 ,  C02F2209/005 ,  C02F2209/02 ,  C02F2209/06 ,  C02F2305/026

Abstract: Mediated electrochemical oxidation treats, oxidizes and destroys biological waste, medical, infectious, pathological, animal, sanitary, mortuary, ship, veterinary, pharmaceutical and combined waste. Electrolytes contain oxidized forms of reversible redox couples produced in an anode compartment (25). Oxidized forms of redox couples are produced by anodic oxidation (25) or reaction with oxidized forms of other redox couples. Oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the biological waste molecules and are reduced and reoxidized. The redox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste and intermediate reaction products have undergone oxidation. Temperatures between ambient and 1000° C avoid formation of dioxins or furans.

Abstract translation: 介导的电化学氧化处理，氧化和破坏生物废物，医疗，感染，病理，动物，卫生，太平间，船舶，兽医，制药和混合废物。 电解质包含在阳极室（25）中产生的氧化形式的可逆的氧化还原对。 通过阳极氧化（25）或与氧化形式的其他氧化还原对反应产生氧化还原对的氧化形式。 氧化还原对的氧化物质氧化生物废物分子并被还原并再氧化。 氧化还原循环持续到所有可氧化废物和中间反应产物都经历氧化。 环境温度和1000℃之间的温度避免形成二恶英或呋喃。

公开(公告)号：WO2004071967A1

公开(公告)日：2004-08-26

申请号：PCT/US2003/004065

申请日：2003-02-12

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: C02F1/461

CPC classification number: C02F1/4672 ,  A61L2/0011 ,  A61L2/035 ,  A61L11/00 ,  C02F1/32 ,  C02F1/36 ,  C02F2103/20 ,  C02F2103/22 ,  C02F2201/46115 ,  C02F2201/46125 ,  C02F2201/46185 ,  C02F2201/4619 ,  C02F2209/006 ,  C02F2209/02 ,  C02F2209/04 ,  C02F2209/06 ,  C02F2209/22 ,  C02F2209/24 ,  C02F2209/38

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process is used to treat, oxidize and dispose of animal waste materials. Animal waste materials are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the waste with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced electrochemically at the anode (19) of an electrochemical cell (17). The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the organic waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized. The waste treatment process takes place at a temperature range from room temperature up to a temperature slightly below the boiling point of the electrolyte solution and can be enhanced by the addition of reaction enhancements, such as: ultrasonic energy and/or ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract translation: 介导的电化学氧化方法用于处理，氧化和处理动物废物。 将动物废料引入用于使废物与含有一种或多种可逆的氧化还原对的氧化形式的电解质接触的装置，其中至少一种在电化学电池（17）的阳极（19）处电化学地制备。 氧化还原对的氧化物质氧化有机废物分子，并将其自身转化为还原形式，从而再次被氧化。 废物处理过程在从室温到稍低于电解质溶液沸点的温度的范围内进行，并且可以通过添加反应增强如超声波能量和/或紫外线辐射来增强。

公开(公告)号：WO2004024634A2

公开(公告)日：2004-03-25

申请号：PCT/US2003/028200

申请日：2003-09-10

Applicant: THE C & M GROUP, LLC ,  CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

Inventor： CARSON, Roger, W. ,  BREMER, Bruce, W.

IPC: C02F

CPC classification number: A61L2/24 ,  A61L2/025 ,  A61L2/035 ,  A61L2/10 ,  A61L11/00 ,  C02F1/4672 ,  C22B3/045 ,  C22B7/00 ,  C25D11/005 ,  C25D17/002 ,  Y02P10/234 ,  Y10S588/90

Abstract: A mediated electrochemical oxidation process and apparatus for the use of mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) for the oxidation, conversion/recovery, and decontamination (such as cleaning equipment and containers, etc.) of all previously defined inorganic solid, liquid, and gases where higher oxidation states exist which includes, but is not limited to, halogenated inorganic compounds (except fluorinated ), inorganic pesticides and herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, carbon residues, inorganic carbon compounds, mineral formations, mining tailings, inorganic salts, metals and metal compounds, etc.; and combined waste (e.g. a mixture of any of the foregoing with each other or other non-­inorganic materials) henceforth collectively referred to as inorganic waste. The inorganic materials are introduced into an apparatus for contacting the inorganic materials with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, at least one of which is produced electrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode of an electrochemical cell. The oxidized forms of any other redox couples present are produced either by similar anodic oxidation or reaction with the oxidized form of other redox couples present and capable of affecting the required redox reaction. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the inorganic waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and the redox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste species, including intermediate reaction products, have undergone the desired degree of oxidation. The entire process takes place at temperatures slightly above 0°C slightly below the boiling point of the electrolyte (which is normally 100°C), thereby avoiding the formation of either volatile inorganic or organic compounds. The oxidation process may be enhanced by the addition of reaction enhancements, such as: ultrasonic energy and /or ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract translation: 用于介电电化学氧化（MEO）用于所有先前定义的氧化，转化/回收和去污染（例如清洁设备和容器等）的介导电化学氧化工艺和装置 包括但不限于卤化无机化合物（除氟化以外），无机农药和除草剂，无机肥料，碳残留物，无机碳化合物，矿物结构物，开采尾矿物等无机固体，液体和存在较高氧化态的气体。 无机盐，金属和金属化合物等; 和合并后的废物（例如上述任何一种与彼此的混合物或其他非稀土无机物质），下文统称为无机废物。 将无机材料引入用于使无机材料与含有一种或多种可逆氧化还原对的氧化形式的电解质接触的装置中，其中至少一种氧化还原对通过在电化学电池的阳极处的阳极氧化而电化学地产生。 存在的任何其他氧化还原对的氧化形式通过类似的阳极氧化或与存在的其他氧化还原对的氧化形式反应并能够影响所需的氧化还原反应而产生。 氧化还原对的氧化物质氧化无机废物分子并且自身转化为其还原形式，随后它们通过上述任一种机制再氧化，并且氧化还原循环持续进行，直到所有可氧化的废物物质，包括中间反应产物都经历了 期望的氧化程度。 整个过程在稍高于电解液沸点（通常为100℃）的略高于0℃的温度下进行，由此避免形成挥发性无机或有机化合物。 可以通过加入反应增强来增强氧化过程，例如：超声波能量和/或紫外线辐射。