The invention provides a braking control system and a braking control method for a rail transport vehicle. The braking control system comprises an emergency braking request train line passing through the compartments of a railway train and local braking control units respectively arranged inside the compartments of the railway train, wherein the local braking control units are connected with the emergency braking request train line through emergency braking switches and connected with a train central control unit and a warning device through a train bus; and the local braking control units are used for monitoring the states of the emergency braking switches and sending emergency braking requests to the train central control unit and the warning device when the emergency braking switches are cut off. The braking control system and the braking control method for the rail transport vehicle, provided by the invention, can achieve the effect of controllable brake of the vehicle and ensure the safety of the train, and besides, can allow events to be traced back according to the records of the local braking control units and further can automatically identify the vehicle sending the emergency braking requests.