The invention provides a torque control system and method for a drive device of a hybrid power railway vehicle. The torque of the drive device of the hybrid power railway vehicle based on a pump/motor and a motor can be accurately controlled, it is guaranteed that the output torque of the motor is located in a motor high-efficiency region, and coordinated work of the drive device of the hybrid power railway vehicle is achieved. The torque control process includes the steps that firstly, the target drive torque of a current train is determined, then the operation mode of a hydraulic hybrid power system of the current train is judged, and finally torque distribution is conducted according to the target drive torque and the operation mode of the current train. According to the characteristics that the hydraulic pump/motor is large in power density, high in energy cycle efficiency and low in energy density, the output torque of the hydraulic pump/motor, the motor and a friction brake is reasonably distributed, and it is guaranteed that the output torque of the motor is located in the motor high-efficiency region.