The invention discloses a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle environment autonomous monitoring control system and method. The system comprises a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle, a ground communication conversion system and a mobile terminal. The multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle control system and an unmanned aerial vehicle power system, wherein the unmanned aerial vehicle control system is used for controlling operation states of a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle, including rising, hovering, barrier avoiding and falling, performing multidimensional automatic monitoring on pollutants in air in an operation process and sending acquired data; and the ground communication conversion system is used for receiving the data acquired by the unmanned aerial vehicle, sending the data to the mobile terminal, receiving a control instruction from the mobile terminal and sending the control instruction to the unmanned aerial vehicle. According to the invention, under the condition that the attitude of the unmanned aerial vehicle is stable, measurement precision is guaranteed, and multidimensional concentration detection of different pollutants is realized.