The invention discloses a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) closed-loop control system that comprises a main control board module and a driver board module. The main control board module is used for issuing instructions and processing various faults, and comprises an MCU minimum system with a STM32F103ZET6 as a core, a switching power supply module, a TFT color display module, a key module, a speed control module, a peripheral circuit module and a photoelectric isolation module. The whole closed-loop control system has good signal isolation, overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection, overcurrent protection and over-temperature detection circuits, and has high reliability. The hardware schematic of the system is designed and made into a PCB. A test result shows that the system can control the operation of the PMSM well. In software, the processor of the system is provided with a PMSM control library function and is short in development cycle. In hardware, the system is low in cost, complete in function and high in reliability. The system has a high application and promotion value.