The invention provides a short-process copper smelting system. The copper smelting system comprises a smelting furnace, copper making furnaces and CR furnaces. The smelting furnace is used for smelting copper concentrate to output first copper sulphate and smelting slag and is provided with a first copper sulphate outlet and a smelting slag outlet. Each copper making furnace is provided with a copper sulphate inlet and a copper making slag outlet, wherein the copper sulphate inlet communicates with the first copper sulphate outlet through a first launder; and the copper making furnaces are used for conducting copper making reaction on the first copper sulphate so as to generate anode copper and copper making slag. Each CR furnace is provided with a smelting slag inlet, wherein the smelting slag inlet communicates with the smelting slag outlet through a second launder; and the CR furnaces are used for conducting reduction, fuming and sedimentation on the smelting slag so as to recover valuable metals in the smelting slag and make harmless slag. According to the copper smelting system, short-process copper smelting is achieved; and meanwhile, output of the anode copper, comprehensive recovery of the valuable metals in the smelting slag and direct output of the harmless slag by the CR furnaces are completed, and the short-process copper smelting system has quite good industrial large-scale application prospects.