The invention relates to a pneumatic driving device for multi-tow independent cutting of a composite material. The device comprises a plurality of independent driving units arranged in an upper cylinder and lower cylinder, the number of the driving units is same as that of tows, the driving units are arranged crisscross at intervals in two rows, and the driving units of each row all comprise pistons, air cylinder chambers and cylinder rods; the air cylinder chambers of every two adjacent driving units of each row are arranged in the upper cylinder and the lower cylinder respectively, each aircylinder chamber sleeves a corresponding piston, a sealing element is arranged between each piston and the corresponding air cylinder chamber, each piston in the upper cylinder is connected with a short cylinder rod, each piston in the lower cylinder is connected with a long cylinder rod, the short cylinder rods and the long cylinder rods all extend to the external from the upper end of the uppercylinder for independently driving a tow cutting mechanism, and the upper cylinder and the lower cylinder are both provided with a plurality of cylinder air holes communicated with the air cylinder chambers. The pneumatic driving device for multi-tow independent cutting of the composite material has the advantages that the structure is compact, and the independent movement of multiple cylinder rods in limited space is achieved.