The invention discloses a maglev train track section condition monitoring method based on a train-mounted suspension controller. Complete embedding into a maglev train levitation controller is set. According to a sensor configured on the maglev train, suspension gap, electromagnet vertical acceleration and electromagnet current information is obtained; on the basis of a real-time estimation method, vertical track section displacement of the location of a suspension unit is estimated; and a self-adaptive identifier is used for estimating kinetic parameters of the track section in real time to construct a kinetic model transfer function of the track section, so that key parameters, such as modal frequency, a damping coefficient and a flexibility coefficient, for depicting the track section structure condition are obtained. The parameters not only can be used as reference inputs of a suspension system adaptive vibration control algorithm but also can be used for providing reference for daily monitoring and maintenance of the track section. Compared with the prior art, the method does not need special track inspection equipment and does not depend on track section vibration amplitude detection and has advantages of being simple in structure, low in cost, wide in application range and accurate in detection.