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    Diesel fuel composition for reduced particulate emission
    71.
    发明公开
    Diesel fuel composition for reduced particulate emission 失效
    Dieselbrennstoffzusammensetzung mit reduzierter Partikelemission

    公开(公告)号：EP0856573A2

    公开(公告)日：1998-08-05

    申请号：EP98101355.0

    申请日：1998-01-27

    申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO

    发明人： Nakakita, Kiyomi ,  Akihama, Kazuhiro ,  Mandokoro, Yoshiyuki ,  Ogawa, Tadao

    IPC分类号： C10L1/08

    CPC分类号： C10L1/08

    摘要： A diesel fuel composition for reduced particulate emission has a 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum in which the ratio of the total area of a group of peaks with a chemical shift in the range of 33 to 50 ppm with respect to the total area of the group of peaks with a chemical shift in the range of 0 to 50 ppm is equal to or less than 30%, and preferably equal to or less than 20%. The region of the peaks with a chemical shift in the range of 33 to 50 ppm includes peaks due to at least a tertiary or quaternary carbon atom within saturated hydrocarbon portions with a branching structure. This diesel fuel composition has a reduced content of hydrocarbons with a branching structure and aromatic hydrocarbons, and is able to positively reduce the emission of particulate matter.

    摘要翻译： 用于减少颗粒物排放的柴油燃料组合物具有13 C核磁共振（NMR）光谱，其中一组峰的总面积与化学位移的比值在33至50ppm范围内相对于 化学位移在0至50ppm范围内的峰组的总面积等于或小于30％，优选等于或小于20％。 化学位移在33至50ppm范围内的峰的区域包括由于在具有分支结构的饱和烃部分内的至少三级或四级碳原子的峰。 该柴油燃料组合物具有分支结构和芳烃的烃含量降低，并且能够积极地减少颗粒物质的排放。

    Anti-lock braking system
    72.
    发明公开
    Anti-lock braking system 失效
    防锁刹车系统

    公开(公告)号：EP0825080A2

    公开(公告)日：1998-02-25

    申请号：EP97114089.2

    申请日：1997-08-14

    申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO

    发明人： Ono, Eiichi, c/o Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho ,  Asano, Katsuhiro, c/o Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho ,  Umeno, Takaji, c/o Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho ,  Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki, c/o Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho ,  Sugai, Masaru, c/o Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho

    IPC分类号： B60T8/00

    CPC分类号： B60T8/172 ,  B60T8/17636 ,  B60T8/445 ,  B60T8/4845 ,  B60T2210/12

    摘要： An anti-lock braking system includes a friction torque gradient estimating unit for estimating, from a small number of parameters, the gradient of friction torque with respect to a slip speed, and controls a braking force acting on wheels on the basis of the friction torque gradient estimated by the friction torque gradient estimating unit. The friction torque gradient estimating unit may employ several types of estimating methods; e.g., a method of estimating the gradient of friction torque from only time-series data concerning a wheel speed; a method of estimating the friction torque gradient from time-series data concerning wheel deceleration as well as from braking torque or time-series data concerning physical quantities associated with the braking torque; or a method of estimating the friction torque gradient from micro-gains which are obtained when brake pressure is excited in a very small amount at the resonance frequency of a vibration system comprising a vehicle, wheels, and a road surface and which represent the characteristics of the vibration system. Further, there is also disclosed a method of determining, from the thus-estimated friction torque gradient, the limit of the characteristics of friction torque developed between the wheels and the road surface.

    摘要翻译： 防抱死制动系统包括摩擦转矩梯度估计单元，用于从少量参数中估计摩擦转矩相对于滑动速度的梯度，并且基于摩擦转矩来控制作用于车轮上的制动力 由摩擦转矩梯度估计单元估计的梯度。 摩擦转矩梯度估计单元可以采用几种类型的估计方法; 例如仅从关于车轮速度的时间序列数据中估计摩擦转矩的梯度的方法; 从关于车轮减速度的时间序列数据以及与制动转矩或与制动转矩相关的物理量有关的时间序列数据中估算摩擦转矩梯度的方法; 或者根据在包括车辆，车轮和路面的振动系统的共振频率下以非常小的量激励制动压力时获得的微增益来估计摩擦转矩梯度的方法， 振动系统。 此外，还公开了一种根据由此估计的摩擦转矩梯度来确定在车轮和路面之间产生的摩擦转矩特性的极限的方法。

    Apparatus and method for detecting friction characteristics
    79.
    发明公开
    Apparatus and method for detecting friction characteristics 失效
    Gerätund Methode zur Feststellung der Kraftschlusscharakteristik

    公开(公告)号：EP0747691A2

    公开(公告)日：1996-12-11

    申请号：EP96109058.6

    申请日：1996-06-05

    申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO

    发明人： Katsuhiro, Asano ,  Masaru, Sugai, Nagakute-ryo 208

    IPC分类号： G01N19/02

    CPC分类号： B60T8/172 ,  B60T2210/12 ,  G01N19/02

    摘要： An apparatus and method for detecting friction characteristics are disclosed, in which a wheel resonant system includes a vehicle body, a road surface and at least a wheel. A braking force control system exerts a braking force on the wheel. A resonant component detector determines a resonant gain providing the ratio between the amplitude of predetermined frequency component of the braking force and that of the wheel velocity and detects the ratio of the resonant gain to a present reference gain, a deviation calculator calculates the deviation between this ratio and unity, a PI controller controls the braking force control system in such a manner that the deviation coincides with zero, and a friction characteristics detector detects the friction characteristics on the basis of the braking force. When the friction force is made to approach a peak value by increasing the braking force, the resonant characteristics undergo a change thereby to reduce the resonant gain. By controlling the braking force in such a manner that the deviation coincides with zero, therefore, the friction characteristics are held at a peak value. This braking force reflects the friction characteristics, and therefore the friction characteristics between the road surface and the wheel can be accurately detected according to the relative magnitude of the braking force.

    摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于检测摩擦特性的装置和方法，其中车轮共振系统包括车身，路面和至少一个车轮。 制动力控制系统对车轮施加制动力。 谐振分量检测器确定提供制动力的预定频率分量的振幅与车轮速度的幅度之间的比率的谐振增益，并且检测谐振增益与当前参考增益的比率，偏差计算器计算该 比率和一致性，PI控制器以这样的方式控制制动力控制系统，使得偏差与零点一致，并且摩擦特性检测器基于制动力检测摩擦特性。 当通过增加制动力使摩擦力接近峰值时，谐振特性经历变化，从而降低谐振增益。 因此，通过以与偏差一致的方式控制制动力，摩擦特性被保持在峰值。 该制动力反映摩擦特性，因此可以根据制动力的相对大小精确地检测路面与车轮之间的摩擦特性。