摘要:
The use as an anti-wear additive and/or friction modifier in a non-aqueous lubricant composition and/or in a fuel composition of at least one long chain fatty acid ester of a hydroxy carboxylic acid in which the long chain fatty acid has at least 4 carbon atoms and the ester is an oil-soluble ester of a mono- or poly- hydroxy carboxylic acid having 1 to 4 groups which are independently carboxylic acid groups or lower hydrocarbyl esters thereof and in which, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a mono-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has a long chain fatty acid ester moiety of the hydroxy group of the hydroxy carboxylic acid and, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has independently long chain fatty acid ester moieties of one or two of the hydroxy groups of the poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid. Also, a non-aqueous lubricant composition and a fuel composition for an internal combustion engine which comprises at least one of said long chain fatty acid esters.
摘要:
A method of lubricating a two-stroke, diesel crosshead engine comprises lubricating the engine with a cylinder oil and with a system oil, which oils are different from each other, in which the system oil is an SAE 20 or SAE 30 oil, has a total base number of at least 10 mg KOH/g and comprises :- (a) a base oil; (b) at least one detergent additive in a total amount of detergent corresponding in performance, as measured by the Hot Filtration Test, to at least 1.5 % by weight of the system oil, of a calcium alkyl salicylate detergent soap in which the alkyl group is a C12 to C30 alkyl group; and (c) at least one anti-wear additive. The method further comprising replenishing the system oil in the engine with a top-up system oil, in which the top-up system oil has the same additives as in the system oil previously charged to the engine but has a viscosity which is lower than that of the system oil previously charged to the engine. The system oil may be prepared by mixing a low detergency system oil with a lubricant concentrate composition which comprises a base oil and at least one detergent additive.
摘要:
System and method for predicting the rate of deterioration of a first and optionally further items of process equipment, which first item of process equipment receives an inlet stream and discharges one or more outlet streams which are optionally fed to one or more further items of process equipment, which first and optional further items of process equipment are subject to deterioration by one or more deterioration mechanisms, which inlet stream comprises a feedstock or derivative thereof; wherein the method comprises the steps of; (a) obtaining values of one or more properties of the feedstock, (b) calculating a predicted rate of deterioration by the one or more deterioration mechanisms for each item of process equipment from the values of one or more of the feedstock properties; and (c) providing an output comprising the predicted rate of deterioration for each item of process equipment; and the system comprises a data processor adapted to receive values of one or more properties of the feedstock, to calculate predicted rates of deterioration by the one or more deterioration mechanisms for the first and optionally further items of process equipment from the values of one or more of the feedstock properties, and to provide an output comprising information relating to the predicted rates of deterioration by the one or more deterioration mechanisms for the first and optionally further items of process equipment.
摘要:
A non-aqueous lubricating oil composition comprises a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of an additive which is present in solution in the base oil and is a non- halide, non-aromatic ionic liquid which is a salt of general formula C+A-, with the cation, C+, being a quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium ion having four hydrocarbyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, which hydrocarbyl groups do not all have the same number of carbon atoms, there being at least one long chain hydrocarbyl group having greater than 4 carbon atoms and at least one short chain hydrocarbyl group having fewer carbon atoms than each of the long chain hydrocarbyl groups, and the anion, A-, comprising at least one oxygen atom and having an ionic head group attached to at least one alkyl or alicyclic hydrocarbyl group which has at least four carbon atoms and optionally at least one heteroatom. The ionic liquid may be used as an anti-wear component in a lubricating oil composition. The ionic liquid may be used as a friction modifier in the lubricating oil composition. The lubricating oil composition may be used in an ignition engine.
摘要:
A method for monitoring the performance of a compression-ignition, internal combustion engine which method comprises lubricating the engine with a crankcase lubricant, and introducing a fuel to the engine to operate the engine characterised in that the fuel comprises greater than 50 % by weight of petroleum-based, middle distillate fuel oil and/or a Fischer Tropsch derived middle distillate fuel oil and 2.5 % to 25 % by weight of at least one lower alkyl ester of a fatty acid, and the performance of the engine is monitored by measuring the rate of ingress of lower alkyl ester of a fatty acid from the fuel into the crankcase lubricant by infra red spectroscopic analysis of the crankcase lubricant.
摘要:
A method for determining the performance of at least one motor vehicle consumable selected from the group consisting of engine lubricant, fuel and tyres, in a motor vehicle having an engine with at least one fuel injection valve, a lubricating system and a CANbus network comprising at least three network nodes, each operably connected to a computer, which method comprises : operating the vehicle whilst supplying the engine with the fuel through at least one fuel injection valve and lubricating the engine with the engine lubricant characterised in that : a first CANbus network node transmits to the computer, a signal indicative of the engine fuelling rate based upon the opening time of at least one of the fuel injection valves; one or more second CANbus network nodes transmit one or more signals to the computer indicative of one or more variables indicative of the power output of the engine; one or more third CANbus network nodes transmit one or more signals to the computer indicative of the vehicle operating conditions; the computer calculates a variable (Corrected Power Output) indicative of the power output of the engine corrected for the vehicle operating conditions using the one or more signals transmitted to the computer by the one or more second CANbus network nodes, the one or more signals transmitted to the computer by the one or more third CANbus network nodes and a pre-determined algorithm; and the computer transmits and/or stores the Corrected Power Output and the signal indicative of the engine fuelling rate.
摘要:
Economical processes are disclosed for production of components for refinery blending of transportation fuels which are liquid at ambient conditions by selective oxygenation of refinery feedstocks comprising a mixture of organic compounds. The organic compounds are oxygenated with dioxygen in a liquid reaction medium containing a soluble catalyst system comprising at least one multi-valent and/or heavy metal while maintaining the liquid reaction medium substantially free of halogen and/or halogen-containing compounds, to form a mixture of immiscible phases comprising hydrocarbons, oxygenated organic compounds, water of reaction, and acidic co-products. The mixture of immiscible phases is separated by gravity to recover at least a first organic liquid of low density and second liquid of high density which contains at least a portion of the catalyst metal, water of reaction and acidic co-products. Advantageously, the organic liquid is washed with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate solution, or other soluble chemical base capable to neutralize and/or remove acidic co-products of oxidation, and recover oxygenated product.