Abstract:
A method for producing a metal by an electrolysis method, characterized in that a porous ceramic article comprising yttria is used as a diaphragm. It is preferred that use is made of a diaphragm comprising a porous ceramic article having a purity of yttria of 90 mass % or higher (more preferably, 99 % or higher), a porosity of 1 % or more and a pore diameter of 20 µm or less, and having a thickness of 0.05 to 50 mm and that use is made of a halide of a metal as an electrolytic bath. Since calcium formed by electrolysis cannot pass through the above diaphragm, the back reaction can be effectively inhibited. The above method can be suitably utilized, in particular, for producing a metal such as calcium or a rare earth element. For example, when the method is applied to the production of calcium, metallic calcium can be produced without the need for enormous heat energy, with ease, at a low cost.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a method for producing a metal by molten salt electrolysis wherein metal production is performed while filling an electrolysis vessel having an anode and a cathode with a molten salt containing a metal chloride. This method is characterized by using such a molten salt which decreases the solubility of the metal in the molten salt.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a method for economically forming a uniform titanium oxide film on the surface of a base. Specifically, an aqueous titanium tetrachloride solution having a Ti content of 0.1-17% by weight is applied over the surface of a heat-resistant base in a film form. The aqueous titanium tetrachloride solution in the liquid film form is then heated to a temperature not less than 300˚C, thereby volatilizing H2O and HCl in the liquid film and forming a titanium oxide film. In case where the base is composed of a material such as aluminum that is poor in acid resistance, an acid-resistant coating film such as an oxide film is formed in advance on the surface of the metal base.
Abstract:
A method for producing Ti or a Ti alloy through the reduction of TiCl4 by Ca, which comprises holding a molten salt containing CaCl2 and having Ca dissolved therein in a reaction vessel and reacting Ca in the molten salt with a metal chloride containing TiCl4, to generate Ti particles or Ti alloy particles in the molten CaCl2. The above method allows the enhancement of the feed rate of TiCl4, which is the raw material of Ti, and also allows the continuous operation of the production, and thereby the production of a metallic Ti or a Ti alloy having high purity with good efficiency at a low cost can be attained. Further, the method eliminates the need for the replenishment of expensive metallic Ca and for the operation for separately handling Ca which is highly reactive and difficult to handle.
Abstract:
The lowness of the initial efficiency which is a drawback of lithium secondary batteries wherein a SiO negative electrode is used is largely made better without hindering a large initial charge capacity peculiar to the lithium secondary batteries. A fall in the cycle characteristic when the thickness of the SiO layer is made large is prevented. To realize these matters, a thin film of SiO is formed, as a negative electrode active material layer, on the surface of a current collector by vacuum evaporation or sputtering. The film is preferably formed by an ion plating process. The thickness of the SiO thin film is set to 5 µm or more. The surface roughness of the current collector is set to follows: the maximum height roughness Rz = 5.0 or more. After the formation of the thin film, the film is thermally treated in a nonoxidative atmosphere.
Abstract:
A photocatalyst composite material having a titanium oxide photocatalyst coating film on the surface of a base is produced by a CVD method wherein a TiCl4 vapor is reacted with a water vapor. The TiCl4 vapor and the water vapor are sprayed into a deposition chamber (9) respectively from nozzles (5) and (6) so that the spray streams of these vapors meet and thus are mixed with each other before reaching the base. The mixed vapor is brought into contact with a base (1) which is moving in one direction within 3 seconds from the mixing. It is preferable to spray the TiCl4 vapor from a porous nozzle (5) in a direction opposite to the moving direction of the base while it is preferable to spray the water vapor from a slit nozzle (6) whose crossing angle to the base is smaller than that of the porous nozzle (5).
Abstract:
A method for producing Ti or a Ti alloy using the reduction by Ca, which comprises a reduction step of holding a molten salt containing CaCl2 and having Ca dissolved therein in a reaction vessel (1) and reacting Ca in the molten salt with a metal chloride containing TiCl4, to generate Ti particles or Ti alloy particles in the molten salt, and a separation step (7) of separating Ti particles or Ti alloy particles being formed in the molten salt from the molten salt. It is preferred to further add an electrolysis step (8) of electrolyzing the CaCl2 withdrawn out of the reaction vessel (1) into Ca and Cl2 and using the formed Ca for the reaction in the reaction vessel (1) for forming Ti or a Ti alloy. In the electrolysis step (8), the use of an alloy electrode comprising a molten Ca alloy as a cathode is effective for the improvement of electric current efficiency and the molten Ca alloy can also be utilized effectively as a medium for transporting Ca in order to enhance a Ca concentration. The above method allows the production of a metallic Ti having high purity with good efficiency at a low cost.
Abstract:
In order to remedy the drawback, i.e. low initial efficiency and improve the cycle characteristic, of a lithium secondary cell employing SiO in a negative electrode (30) significantly without sacrificing the large initial charging capacity, characteristic to the lithium secondary cell a thin film of a silicon oxide is formed, as a negative electrode active material layer (32), on the surface of a current collector (31) by vacuum deposition or sputtering. Preferably, the thin film is formed by ion plating. The silicon oxide is SiOx (0.5≤x