摘要:
A method of characterizing materials comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; synthesizing an array of materials on said substrate; providing at least one reactant gas wherein said reactant gas is in contact with said array of materials; activating at least one of said materials on said array with a heating source; and periodically monitoring an infrared emission from said activated material with an infrared camera, wherein said infrared camera outputs a series of signals corresponding to an emission intensity varying with time of said activated material.
摘要:
The invention concerns a gas analyzer, which comprises: an electromagnet (5) that has an air gap (16); a power source (60) for supplying cyclically variable electrical current/voltage to said electromagnet; a sample gas conduit (1) and a reference gas conduit (2) opening into said air gap; an exit conduit (18, 19) communicating with said air gap for removing the intermixed sample and reference gases; pressure detecting microphone or microphones (3, 4) connected to said sample gas conduit (1) and to said reference gas conduit (2) for sensing gas pressures at a first acoustic measuring frequency ( f A1 ) in the respective conduits for giving at least one acoustic pressure signal component (S 1 and/or S2); and electronics (29) connected to said microphone(s) to receive said acoustic pressure signal component or components to form at least a first intermediate output signal (SI A1 ) describing content of a paramagnetic gas component in the sample gas. Further in the gas analyzer: said pressure detecting microphone(s) are adapted for sensing gas pressures at a second acoustic measuring frequency ( f A2 ), and giving at least a second acoustic pressure signal component (S3 and/or S4); and said electronics receive said second acoustic pressure signal component or components to form a second intermediate output signal (SI A2 ) including content data of a second gas component in the sample gas.
摘要:
A method is disclosed for testing bonded part integrity of bonded structures with increased sensitivity and in a nondestructive manner. The method comprises the steps of: mixing a piezoelectric material or an electrically conductive material with an adhesive agent, curing the adhesive agent in between bonding target objects, electrically connecting the bonding target objects to one another, causing an electric current to flow through the bonding target objects to measure a quantity of electric charges flowing between the bonding target objects, and determining existence of bonding damage between the bonding target objects and the adhesive agent based on the quantity of electric charges and predicting a remaining life span of the bonded structures based on a data indicating a correlation between the quantity of electric charges and a predetermined fatigue life.
摘要:
A method and apparatus for ultrasonic in-process monitoring and feedback of resistance spot weld quality uses at least one transducer located in the electrode assembly transmitting through a weld tip into an underway weld. Analysis of the spectrum of ultrasonic waves provides the operator with an indication of the size, thickness, location, dynamics of formation and quality of the spot weld. The method presents a fundamentally new physical approach to the characterization of the spot weld quality. Together with transmission mode it includes new modes of operation of ultrasonic probes such as a reflection mode and simultaneous use of transmission and reflection modes, and a new physical interpretation of the signal analysis results.
摘要:
In order to make it possible to predict a dissociation constant at an initial stage of reaction, a concentration sensor (9) for a sample is provided on a downstream side of a mass sensor (7). This makes it possible to learn concentration of a sample solution at the time when a mass is detected by the mass sensor. When the concentration and the mass are substituted in a predetermined logical expression, it is possible to obtain a predicted value of a dissociation constant. The concentration sensor (9) is a capacitor constituted by electrodes (21,22) opposed to each other. Since a dielectric constant changes when analytes are present between the electrodes, it is possible to detect analyte concentration according to the dielectric constant. Since it is possible to reduce a size of the capacitor, it is possible to keep a size of a micro-reactor (1) small. Note that the mass sensor outputs a resonance frequency of a quartz resonator. A measuring apparatus can calculate a mass from transition of this frequency.
摘要:
The invention relates to an ultrasonic sensor system, especially for controlling a resistance welding process. Said system comprises at least one receiver which is used to detect the ultrasonic signals from the area to be examined. At least two piezoelectric sensors (31, 32) are used as a receiver and are arranged in such a way that their polarisation direction vectors indicate various directions, said vectors being projected in a plane perpendicular in relation to the propagation direction of an ultrasonic wave to be detected.
摘要:
In order to detect the characteristics of the spatial structure of an electroconductive crystal (1), especially a semiconductor, a measuring current is supplied to said crystal and charge distribution is measured at a point (3) different from the current input (4) of the crystal. Information on the spatial structure characteristics is obtained from the relationship between measured charge distribution and standard distribution. In order to produce a defined temporary modification of the spatial structure, the crystal can be subjected to acoustic vibration, especially to the influence of ultrasonic waves (24), which is then measured. The appropriate device for said purpose comprises an electrically conductive crystal structure (1) with source electrodes (4) for supplying a current to the crystal, drain electrodes (3) for removing a current from the crystal and electronic evaluation circuits (20) for obtaining information on the spatial structure of the crystal on the basis of the measured current.