Abstract:
Sweat is detected directly on the human skin by an electro-chemical method using a device for detecting nicotine in sweat which can be included in a dermal patch.
Abstract:
A systems and apparatus for measuring non-electroactive materials in liquids using electrochemical detection. A first electrical activity of a electroactive material is detected in absence of a target non-electroactive material (Step 120). A second electrical activity of the electroactive material is detected in presence of the target non-electroactive material (Step 130). A difference between the first and second electrical activities is obtained, and based on the obtained difference, a concentration of the target non-electroactive material is identified (Step 140).
Abstract:
A method of preventing inter-system interference while acquiring waveforms in a test and measurement instrument with variation in a device under test system S-parameters. The method includes receiving a waveform from a device under test at the test and measurement instrument, digitizing the waveform, identifying portions of the digitized waveform with different S-parameter characteristics, separating the identified portions of the digitized waveform into different waveforms, and displaying the different waveforms to a user.
Abstract:
A method for analyzing a metallic material includes the steps of electrolyzing a metal sample in an electrolyte; removing the electrolyzed metal sample from the electrolyte; immersing the metal sample removed from the electrolyte into a dispersive solution that is different from the electrolyte to separate at least one selected from the group consisting of a precipitate and an inclusion deposited on the metal sample; and analyzing the at least one selected from the group consisting of a precipitate and an inclusion extracted into.the dispersive solution.
Abstract:
Coulometric titration cell and a measurement arrangement comprising a coulometric titration cell, comprising a first electrochemical half-cell having a first electrode (205, 801, 7, 407, 507, 607, 907); a second housing (1, 401, 501, 601, 801, 901) comprising a second electrochemical half-cell having a second electrode (3, 403, 503, 603, 803, 903) and an electrolyte (2, 302, 402, 502, 602, 802, 902) into which the second electrode (3, 403, 503, 603, 803, 903) is immersed; a redox system having at least one first and second redox partner; at least one diaphragm (4, 604, 804) arranged between the first and second electrochemical half-cell; and a circuit (11, 411, 511) incorporating the first and second electrochemical half-cell; wherein, in operation, at least the diaphragm (4, 604, 804) and the first electrode (7, 407, 507, 607, 907) are in contact with the sample (14); characterized in that the second housing (1, 401, 501, 601, 801, 901) is closed, such that charge and mass transfer is possible only via the diaphragm (4, 604, 804); in that the electrolyte (2, 302, 402, 502, 602, 802, 902) is solid or consolidated and comprises a first redox partner, and in that the first and second redox partner of the redox system are chosen such that evolution of gas within the coulometric titration cell in operation is very substantially suppressed.
Abstract:
A sensor comprising: a first electrode formed of an electrically conductive material and configured to be located in contact which a solution to be analysed; a second electrode configured to be in electrical contact with the solution to be analysed; an electrical controller configured to apply a potential difference between the first and second electrodes to electro-deposit chemical species from the solution onto the first electrode, and an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer configured to perform an x-ray fluorescence spectroscopic analysis technique on the electro-deposited chemical species, the x-ray fluorescence spectrometer comprising an x-ray source configured to direct an x-ray excitation beam to the electro-deposited chemical species on the first electrode and an x-ray detector configured to receive x-rays emitted from the electro-deposited chemical species and generate spectroscopic data about the chemical species electro-deposited on the first electrode, wherein the sensor is configured such that in use the x-ray excitation beam incident on the electro-deposited chemical species on the first electrode is attenuated by no more than 60%.