摘要:
A liquid crystal composition comprises liquid crystal molecules and an alignment promoter. The alignment promoter is represented by the formula (I). (Hb—)mL(—Bu)n (I) In the formula (I), Hb is a hydrophobic group selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, a fluorine-substituted aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms and an alkyl-substituted oligosiloxanoxy group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Bu is a bulky group showing an excluded volume effect and comprising at least two rings. L is an (m+n)-valent linking group. Each of m and n is independently an integer of 1 to 12.
摘要:
An optically active triphenylene compound is represented by the formula (I). In the formula (I), R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 is independently an optically active monovalent group. The optically active triphenylene compound can be advantageously used as a chiral agent in an optically anisotropic sheet or a liquid crystal display of an STN mode.
摘要:
An optical compensatory sheet comprises a transparent substrate and an optically anisotropic layer. The optically anisotropic layer comprises discotic liquid crystal molecules. The discotic liquid crystal molecules are oriented in essentially mono domain alignment at an average inclined angle in the range of 50° to 90°. A liquid crystal display of an STN mode having the optical compensatory sheet is also disclosed.
摘要:
An optical compensatory sheet comprises a transparent substrate, an orientation layer and an optically anisotropic layer in order. The optically anisotropic layer comprises discotic liquid crystal molecules. The orientation layer comprises a denatured polyvinyl alcohol having a hydrocarbon group containing 10 to 100 carbon atoms or a denatured polyvinyl alcohol containing fluorine atoms. The discotic liquid crystal molecules are aligned at an average inclined angle in the range of 50° to 90°. An orientation layer, a liquid crystal display of an STN mode and a method of alignment of discotic liquid crystal molecules are also disclosed.
摘要:
An optical compensatory sheet comprises an optically anisotropic layer formed of discotic liquid crystal molecules provided on a transparent substrate. The liquid crystal molecules are horizontally aligned in the optically anisotropic layer. An average inclined angle between discotic planes of the discotic liquid crystal molecules and a surface of the transparent substrate is less than 5°. The discotic liquid crystal molecules are fixed in the optically anisotropic layer while keeping the horizontal alignment.
摘要:
An optical compensatory sheet comprises a transparent substrate, an orientation layer and an optically anisotropic layer in order. The optically anisotropic layer comprises discotic liquid crystal molecules. The orientation layer comprises a denatured polyvinyl alcohol having a hydrocarbon group containing 10 to 100 carbon atoms or a denatured polyvinyl alcohol containing fluorine atoms. The discotic liquid crystal molecules are aligned at an average inclined angle in the range of 50° to 90°. An orientation layer, a liquid crystal display of an STN mode and a method of alignment of discotic liquid crystal molecules are also disclosed.
摘要:
A method for back-washing a submerged-type ceramic membrane separation apparatus is provided in which filtrate once removed from the apparatus and a chemical agent are forcibly supplied to filtrate passages in ceramic membrane filters to wash the ceramic membrane filters with the filtrate and with the chemical agent, wherein the water washing and chemical washing are carried out at a predetermined frequency ratio and for a predetermined time period, or wherein the frequency and time period of the chemical washing are determined on the basis of a transmembrane pressure difference, suction pressure or filtrate flux observed during a filtering operation performed by the membrane separation apparatus. This method makes it possible to avoid an excessive chemical washing, and to reduce the amounts of water and chemical agent and the time required for the chemical washing.
摘要:
A pyrazoloazoleazomethine dye represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein, R.sub.1 represents a substituent having a Hammett's substituent constant value of at least 0.6; Za, Zb, and Zc each represents .dbd.CH--, ##STR2## (wherein R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent), or .dbd.N--; when Zc=Zb is a carbon-carbon double bond, it may form a part of an aromatic ring; R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; and n represents 1 or 2; said dye may form a dimer or higher polymer by combining with each other or to a polymer through a divalent or higher valent group at R.sub.1, Za, Zb, or Zc.
摘要:
A silver halide photographic light-sensitive material is described, comprising at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer on a support, wherein the emulsion in said light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer comprises a silver iodobromide emulsion containing 3 mol % or more of iodide, and at least one of said light-sensitive emulsion layer or another hydrophilic colloid layer contains a polyoxyethylene type surface active agent and at least one of said light-sensitive emulsion layer or another hydrophilic colloid layer contains a meso-ionic triazolium compound represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein X represents a sulfur ion or --N--R.sup.4, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted or nonsubstituted alkyl group, aryl group, or heterocyclic group, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 can together form a heterocyclic ring.
摘要:
The antistatic property of a silver halide photographic material is effectively improved by incorporating a fluorine-containing water-soluble polymer having a styrene monomer containing a fluorine-containing group as the polymerization unit in at least one of the photographic layers of the photographic material. The incorporation of the polymer does not reduce the adhesion resistance or film strength of the photographic material. The photographic material can also maintain the improved antistatic property for a long period of time.