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77 条记录 (耗时 0.023 秒)

    Preparation of carboxylic esters
    21.
    发明授权
    Preparation of carboxylic esters 失效
    羧酸酯的制备

    公开(公告)号：US4889950A

    公开(公告)日：1989-12-26

    申请号：US235610

    申请日：1988-08-24

    申请人： Kaspar Bott ,  Horst Hartmann ,  Josef Guth

    发明人： Kaspar Bott ,  Horst Hartmann ,  Josef Guth

    IPC分类号： C07C67/08 ,  C07C69/54

    CPC分类号： C07C67/08 ,  C07C67/54

    摘要： Carboxylic esters are prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with low-boiling alcohols by charging the reaction mixture to a 1st distillation column, withdrawing the reaction components carboxylic ester, water and unconverted alcohol as overhead product and charging this overhead product to a 2nd distillation column, from which(a) the overhead product comprises the alcohol or an azeotropic mixture of alcohol and water or alcohol and esteer, this overhead product being recycled into the esterification reaction(b) a liquid side product comprising carboxylic ester and water is withdrawn from the stripping section and separated in a phase separating vessel into water and carboxylic ester and the carboxylic ester is returned into the distillation column below the side takeoff point, and(c) the bottom product removed is the carboxylic ester.

    摘要翻译： 通过将反应混合物装入第一蒸馏塔，将反应组分羧酸酯，水和未转化的醇作为塔顶产物取出并将该塔顶产物装入第二蒸馏塔，由羧酸与低沸点醇反应制备羧酸酯，由 其中（a）塔顶产物包含醇或醇或水或醇的共沸混合物和催化剂，该塔顶产物被再循环到酯化反应中（b）包含羧酸酯和水的液体副产物从汽提段 并在相分离容器中分离成水和羧酸酯，并且羧酸酯在侧馏出点下方返回到蒸馏塔中，（c）除去的底部产物是羧酸酯。

    Recovery of formic acid by distillation
    22.
    发明授权
    Recovery of formic acid by distillation 失效
    通过蒸馏回收甲酸

    公开(公告)号：US4551208A

    公开(公告)日：1985-11-05

    申请号：US614280

    申请日：1984-05-25

    申请人： Kaspar Bott ,  Gerd Kaibel ,  Horst Hartmann ,  Rudolf Irnich ,  Horst Buelow

    发明人： Kaspar Bott ,  Gerd Kaibel ,  Horst Hartmann ,  Rudolf Irnich ,  Horst Buelow

    IPC分类号： C07C53/02 ,  C07C51/00 ,  C07C51/44 ,  C07C67/00 ,  B01D3/34

    CPC分类号： C07C51/44

    摘要： Formic acid is recovered, by distillation, from its mixtures with solvents of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or vinyl and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together form a 1,4- or 1,5-alkylene group, in each case of not more than 8 carbon atoms, with the provisos that the sum of the number of carbon atoms in R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is 7 to 14 and that only one of these radicals is aryl, by a method in which the distillation is carried out in the presence of a carboxamide II which is selected from the group consisting of formamide, acetamide, propionamide and the same compounds substituted by N-methyl or N,N-dimethyl, and which has a boiling point lower than that of the solvent I.

    摘要翻译： 通过蒸馏从其与通式I的溶剂的混合物回收甲酸，其中R1是氢，甲基，乙基或乙烯基，R2和R3各自是烷基，环烷基，芳基或芳烷基，或R2和R3 一起形成1,4-或1,5-亚烷基，每种情况下不超过8个碳原子，条件是R2和R3中碳原子数之和为7〜14，只有一个 这些基团是芳基，其中蒸馏在选自甲酰胺，乙酰胺，丙酰胺和与N-甲基或N，N-二甲基甲酰胺取代的相同化合物的羧酰胺II存在下进行， 二甲基，其沸点低于溶剂I.

    Method and apparatus for automatic focusing an optical system with a scanning grating
    24.
    发明授权
    Method and apparatus for automatic focusing an optical system with a scanning grating 失效
    用于利用扫描光栅自动聚焦光学系统的方法和装置

    公开(公告)号：US4048492A

    公开(公告)日：1977-09-13

    申请号：US695916

    申请日：1976-06-14

    申请人： Horst Hartmann

    发明人： Horst Hartmann

    IPC分类号： G02B7/34 ,  G01J1/20

    CPC分类号： G02B7/34

    摘要： Method and apparatus for automatically focusing an optical system, particularly a microscope. A grating is located in the intermediate image plane and acts as a spatial frequency filter. A photoelectric detection system is associated with the grating. Electrical control signals are generated which are modulated by the relative motion between the object image and the grating. This motion is preferably normal to the longitudinal range of the grating marks. The grating used is short compared to the range of the intermediate image. The relative motions extending across several grating constants are generated between the image and the grating.

    摘要翻译： 用于自动聚焦光学系统的方法和装置，特别是显微镜。 光栅位于中间像平面中，用作空间频率滤波器。 光电检测系统与光栅相关联。 产生由对象图像和光栅之间的相对运动调制的电控信号。 该运动优选地垂直于光栅标记的纵向范围。 所使用的光栅与中间图像的范围相比较短。 跨越多个光栅常数的相对运动在图像和光栅之间产生。