摘要:
A process for producing fluoropolymer particles includes preparing a solution/dispersion containing fluoropolymer dissolved/dispersed in a first solvent such that the swelling of fluoropolymer by the first solvent is from 50 to 1,200%, and mixing the solution/dispersion with a second solvent such that fluoropolymer forms particles and the swelling of fluoropolymer by the mixture of the first and second solvents is from 0 to 100%. WC/WB is in the range of from 1 to 5, WB represents mass of the first solvent, WC/ represents mass of the second solvent, WC/WB represents a ratio of the mass of the second solvent to the mass of the first solvent. SBC/SB is at most 0.5. SBC represents the swelling by the mixture of the first and second solvents, SB represents the swelling by the first solvent, and SBC/SB represents a ratio of the swelling by the mixture to the swelling by the first solvent.
摘要:
The present invention is directed to a process of making α-aminooxyketone and α-hydroxyketone compounds. The synthetic pathway generally involves reacting an aldehyde or ketone substrate and a nitroso substrate in the presence of a catalyst of the formula (IV): wherein Xa-Xc represent independently nitrogen, carbon, oxygen or sulfur and Z represents a 4 to 10-membered ring with or without a substituent and optionally a further step to convert the α-aminooxyketone compound formed to the α-hydroxyketone compound. The present invention results in α-aminooxyketone and α-hydroxyketone compounds with high enantioselectivity and high purity. The present invention is also directed to a catalytic asymmetric O-nitroso Aldol/Michael reaction. The substrates of this reaction are generally cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone substrate and a nitroso substrate. This methodology generally involves reacting the cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone substrate and the nitroso substrate in the presence of a proline-based catalyst, to provide a heterocyclic product.
摘要:
To provide a fuel cell system provided with a polymer electrolyte fuel cell which is excellent in the power generation characteristics under high temperature and low or no humidity conditions.A fuel cell system 20 comprising a polymer electrolyte fuel cell 22 having a membrane/electrode assembly 10 having a catalyst layer containing a polymer (H) which has repeating units based on a perfluoromonomer having an alicyclic structure and has ion exchange groups, a temperature controlling means for controlling temperature of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 22, a temperature sensor 38 for detecting temperature of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 22, and a controlling device 40 for controlling the temperature controlling means based on temperature information from the temperature sensor 38 so that the maximum temperature of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 22 becomes within the range of from 90 to 140° C.
摘要:
An etching amount calculating method that can stably and accurately calculate the amount of etching even if a disturbance is added. Superposed interference light resulting from superposition of interference light of reflected light from a mask film and reflected light from the bottom of a concave portion on other interference light is received. A waveform in a predetermined time period is extracted from a superposed interference wave calculated from the superposed interference light. The period of an interference wave of the reflected light from the mask film and the reflected light from the bottom is detected from the distribution of frequencies of the extracted waveform. The steps described above are repeated while shifting the predetermined time period by a predetermined time, and the detected periods are integrated and averaged at each repetition. The etching amount of the concave portion is calculated based on the integrated and averaged periods.
摘要:
Disclosed is a method for producing an alcohol from a lactone or a carboxylic acid ester, which enables to produce an alcohol from a lactone or a carboxylic acid ester under relatively mild conditions with high yield and high catalytic efficiency. This method also enables to produce an optically active alcohol from an optically active lactone or an optically active carboxylic acid ester. Specifically disclosed is a method for producing an alcohol by hydrogen reducing a lactone or a carboxylic acid ester in the presence of a catalyst containing ruthenium and a phosphine compound represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 represents a spacer; R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1-12 carbon atoms, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; and R8, R9, R10, R11, R12 and R13 independently represent an alkyl group having 1-12 carbon atoms, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group.
摘要:
A plasma processing apparatus for generating a plasma of a processing gas by applying a high frequency power to an electrode provided in a processing chamber and processing a substrate using the plasma is provided. The plasma processing apparatus includes an optical data detection unit, a data storage unit and a control unit. The optical data detection unit detects optical data when plasma processing the substrate. The data storage unit stores correlation data representing a correlation between type data corresponding to a plurality of types classified based on a type of a mask or a film to be processed disposed on the substrate and optical data to be detected by the optical data detection unit, and end point detection setting data sets, each of the setting data sets serving to detect a plasma processing end point and corresponding to one of the types.
摘要:
To provide a polymer electrolyte membrane for polymer electrolyte fuel cells having high mechanical strength and excellent dimensional stability when it contains water even when it is made thin and the concentration of ionic groups is increased so as to reduce the electrical resistance, and a membrane/electrode assembly providing high output and having excellent durability.A polymer electrolyte membrane 15, which comprises a fluorinated proton conductive polymer (i) having a proton conductivity of at least 0.06 S/cm in an atmosphere at a temperature of 80° C. under a relative humidity of 50%, and (ii) having repeating units based on a vinyl ether type monomer with a mass (equivalent weight) of at most 400 per 1 mol of ionic groups and repeating units based on a perfluoromonomer (except for the above vinyl ether type monomer) and a fluorinated reinforcing material; and a membrane/electrode assembly 10 comprising the polymer electrolyte membrane 15 interposed between an anode 13 and a cathode 14.
摘要:
The present invention is relating to an ion generator and an ionizer, in which the ion generator can obtain stable ion generation even if the electrode and the power supply slightly change, satisfies voltage and frequency conditions for realizing an ozone concentration less than 50 ppb as an allowable concentration. The ion generator of the present invention is characterized as a fan-type ion generator including a dielectric body, a discharge electrode having fine protrusions arranged on the surface of this dielectric body, and an induction electrode arranged on the back surface of the dielectric body, comprising: an ion element in which by applying a sinusoidal AC high voltage to the discharge electrode, a potential difference from the induction electrode is generated, plasma is formed on the surface of the dielectric body, and positive ions, negative ions, and ozone are produced according to air ionization; and a fan which generates an airflow with respect to the discharge electrode, wherein the peak-to-peak voltage is not less than 3.5 kV and not more than 7 kV, the frequency f, and the relationship between the voltage V and the frequency f satisfies a specific parameter. And, the ionizer of the present invention is characterized that ionization is performed by using the above mentioned fan-type ion generator.
摘要:
A compound containing two fluorosulfonyl groups which are groups convertible to sulfonic acid groups, an intermediate therefor, and methods for their production with high productivity, are provided. Also provided are a fluorosulfonyl group-containing polymer obtained by polymerizing such a compound, and a sulfonic acid group-containing polymer obtained from such a polymer.A method for producing a compound of the following formula (m0), such a compound, a fluorosulfonyl group-containing polymer obtained by polymerizing such a compound, and a sulfonic acid group-containing polymer obtained from such a polymer, provided that RF01 is a single bond or a C1-6 bivalent perfluoro organic group, RF02 is a C1-6 bivalent perfluoro organic group, and n is 0 or 1:
摘要:
An electrolyte membrane for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which comprises an ion exchange membrane made of a fluoropolymer having a softening temperature of at least 90° C. and having acidic groups, and contains cerium atoms.