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    NEURAL MODELING AND BRAIN-BASED DEVICES USING SPECIAL PURPOSE PROCESSOR
    2.
    发明申请
    NEURAL MODELING AND BRAIN-BASED DEVICES USING SPECIAL PURPOSE PROCESSOR 审中-公开
    使用特殊用途处理器的神经建模和基于脑的设备

    公开(公告)号：US20120323832A1

    公开(公告)日：2012-12-20

    申请号：US13404996

    申请日：2012-02-24

    申请人： James A. Snook ,  Donald B. Hutson ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    发明人： James A. Snook ,  Donald B. Hutson ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    IPC分类号： G06N3/04

    CPC分类号： G06N3/063 ,  G06N3/10

    摘要： A special purpose processor (SPP) can use a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or similar programmable device to model a large number of neural elements. The FPGAs can have multiple cores doing presynaptic, postsynaptic, and plasticity calculations in parallel. Each core can implement multiple neural elements of the neural model.

    摘要翻译： 专用处理器（SPP）可以使用现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）或类似的可编程器件对大量的神经元进行建模。 FPGA可以具有多个并行执行突触前，突触后和可塑性计算的核心。 每个核心可以实现神经模型的多个神经元素。

    Solving the distal reward problem through linkage of STDP and dopamine signaling
    4.
    发明授权
    Solving the distal reward problem through linkage of STDP and dopamine signaling 有权
    通过STDP和多巴胺信号的联系来解决远端回报问题

    公开(公告)号：US08103602B2

    公开(公告)日：2012-01-24

    申请号：US11963403

    申请日：2007-12-21

    申请人： Eugene M. Izhikevich

    发明人： Eugene M. Izhikevich

    IPC分类号： G06E1/00 ,  G06E3/00 ,  G06F15/18 ,  G06G7/00 ,  G06N3/02

    CPC分类号： G06N3/049 ,  G06N3/02 ,  G06N3/063 ,  G06N3/0635 ,  G06N99/005

    摘要： In Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning, rewards typically come seconds after reward-triggering actions, creating an explanatory conundrum known as the distal reward problem or the credit assignment problem. How does the brain know what firing patterns of what neurons are responsible for the reward if (1) the firing patterns are no longer there when the reward arrives and (2) most neurons and synapses are active during the waiting period to the reward? A model network and computer simulation of cortical spiking neurons with spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) modulated by dopamine (DA) is disclosed to answer this question. STDP is triggered by nearly-coincident firing patterns of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron on a millisecond time scale, with slow kinetics of subsequent synaptic plasticity being sensitive to changes in the extracellular dopamine DA concentration during the critical period of a few seconds after the nearly-coincident firing patterns. Random neuronal firings during the waiting period leading to the reward do not affect STDP, and hence make the neural network insensitive to this ongoing random firing activity. The importance of precise firing patterns in brain dynamics and the use of a global diffusive reinforcement signal in the form of extracellular dopamine DA can selectively influence the right synapses at the right time.

    摘要翻译： 在巴甫洛夫和工具条件下，奖励通常会在奖励触发动作之后几秒钟，创造一个被称为远程奖励问题或信用分配问题的解释性难题。 如果（1）当奖励到达时，射击模式不再在那里，（2）大多数神经元和突触在等待期间是活跃的，大脑如何知道什么是神经元对于奖励的触发模式？ 披露了由多巴胺（DA）调制的具有刺激时间依赖性可塑性（STDP）的皮质加标神经元的模型网络和计算机模拟来回答这个问题。 STDP在几毫秒的时间尺度上由突触前神经元和突触后神经元的几乎一致的发射模式触发，随后突触可塑性的缓慢动力学对于在数秒后的几秒的关键时期内对细胞外多巴胺DA浓度的变化敏感 几乎一致的射击模式。 导致奖励的等待期间的随机神经元激发不会影响STDP，因此使神经网络对这种持续的随机射击活动不敏感。 精确射击模式在脑动力学中的重要性以及以细胞外多巴胺DA的形式使用全局扩散加强信号的选择可以选择性地在正确的时间影响右侧突触。

    MOBILE BRAIN-BASED DEVICE FOR USE IN A REAL WORLD ENVIRONMENT
    5.
    发明申请
    MOBILE BRAIN-BASED DEVICE FOR USE IN A REAL WORLD ENVIRONMENT 审中-公开
    用于实际世界环境的基于移动电脑的设备

    公开(公告)号：US20110184556A1

    公开(公告)日：2011-07-28

    申请号：US12421859

    申请日：2009-04-10

    申请人： Anil K. Seth ,  Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    发明人： Anil K. Seth ,  Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    IPC分类号： G06F15/18

    CPC分类号： G06N20/00 ,  G06F3/015 ,  G06K9/629 ,  G06N3/004 ,  G06N3/049 ,  G16H50/50

    摘要： A mobile brain-based device BBD includes a mobile base equipped with sensors and effectors (Neurally Organized Mobile Adaptive Device or NOMAD), which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of cortical and sub-cortical areas of the brain required for visual processing, decision-making, reward, and motor responses. These simulated cortical and sub-cortical areas are reentrantly connected and each area contains neuronal units representing both the mean activity level and the relative timing of the activity of groups of neurons. The brain-based device BBD learns to discriminate among multiple objects with shared visual features, and associated “target” objects with innately preferred auditory cues. Globally distributed neuronal circuits that correspond to distinct objects in the visual field of NOMAD 10 are activated. These circuits, which are constrained by a reentrant neuroanatomy and modulated by behavior and synaptic plasticity, result in successful discrimination of objects. The brain-based device BBD is moveable, in a rich real-world environment involving continual changes in the size and location of visual stimuli due to self-generated or autonomous, movement, and shows that reentrant connectivity and dynamic synchronization provide an effective mechanism for binding the features of visual objects so as to reorganize object features such as color, shape and motion while distinguishing distinct objects in the environment.

    摘要翻译： 基于移动脑的设备BBD包括配备有传感器和效应器（神经有机移动自适应装置或NOMAD）的移动基座，其由模拟神经系统引导，该模拟神经系统是脑的皮质和皮质下皮区域的类似物， 视觉处理，决策，奖励和运动反应。 这些模拟的皮质和皮质区域是可重复连接的，每个区域包含表示神经元组的平均活动水平和相对时间的神经元单位。 基于脑的设备BBD学习使用共享的视觉特征和相关联的“目标”对象与具有本来优选的听觉线索的多个对象之间进行区分。 对应于NOMAD 10的视野中的不同物体的全球分布的神经元电路被激活。 这些由折返性神经解剖学限制并由行为和突触可塑性调节的电路导致对象的成功辨别。 基于大脑的设备BBD可以在丰富的现实环境中移动，包括由于自我生成或自主运动引起的视觉刺激的大小和位置的持续变化，并且表明可重入连接性和动态同步为 绑定视觉对象的特征，以便重新组织对象特征，如颜色，形状和运动，同时区分环境中的不同对象。

    Addressing scheme for neural modeling and brain-based devices using special purpose processor
    6.
    发明授权
    Addressing scheme for neural modeling and brain-based devices using special purpose processor 有权
    使用专用处理器的神经建模和基于脑的设备的寻址方案

    公开(公告)号：US07908235B2

    公开(公告)日：2011-03-15

    申请号：US12620405

    申请日：2009-11-17

    申请人： James A. Snook ,  Richard W. Schermerhorn

    发明人： James A. Snook ,  Richard W. Schermerhorn

    IPC分类号： G06N5/00

    CPC分类号： G06F15/7867 ,  G06N3/063 ,  G06N3/10

    摘要： A special purpose processor (SPP) can use a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to model a large number of neural elements. The FPGAs or similar programmable device can have multiple cores doing presynaptic, postsynaptic, and plasticity calculations in parallel. Each core can implement multiple neural elements of the neural model.

    摘要翻译： 专用处理器（SPP）可以使用现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）对大量神经元进行建模。 FPGA或类似的可编程器件可以具有并行执行突触前，突触后和可塑性计算的多个核心。 每个核心可以实现神经模型的多个神经元素。

    MOBILE BRAIN-BASED DEVICE FOR USE IN A REAL WORLD ENVIRONMENT
    8.
    发明申请
    MOBILE BRAIN-BASED DEVICE FOR USE IN A REAL WORLD ENVIRONMENT 审中-公开
    用于实际世界环境的基于移动电脑的设备

    公开(公告)号：US20120173020A1

    公开(公告)日：2012-07-05

    申请号：US13308296

    申请日：2011-11-30

    申请人： Anil K. Seth ,  Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    发明人： Anil K. Seth ,  Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    IPC分类号： G06F15/18

    CPC分类号： G06N20/00 ,  G06F3/015 ,  G06K9/629 ,  G06N3/004 ,  G06N3/049 ,  G16H50/50

    摘要： A mobile brain-based device BBD includes a mobile base equipped with sensors and effectors (Neurally Organized Mobile Adaptive Device or NOMAD), which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of cortical and sub-cortical areas of the brain required for visual processing, decision-making, reward, and motor responses. The brain-based device BBD learns to discriminate among multiple objects with shared visual features, and associated “target” objects with innately preferred auditory cues. The brain-based device BBD is moveable, in a rich real-world environment involving continual changes in the size and location of visual stimuli due to self-generated or autonomous, movement, and shows that reentrant connectivity and dynamic synchronization provide an effective mechanism for binding the features of visual objects so as to reorganize object features such as color, shape and motion while distinguishing distinct objects in the environment.

    摘要翻译： 基于移动脑的设备BBD包括配备有传感器和效应器（神经有机移动自适应装置或NOMAD）的移动基座，其由模拟神经系统引导，该模拟神经系统是大脑所需的皮层和皮质下皮质区域的类似物 视觉处理，决策，奖励和运动反应。 基于脑的设备BBD学习使用共享的视觉特征和相关联的“目标”对象与具有本来优选的听觉线索的多个对象之间进行区分。 基于大脑的设备BBD可以在丰富的现实环境中移动，包括由于自我生成或自主运动引起的视觉刺激的大小和位置的持续变化，并且表明可重入连接性和动态同步为 绑定视觉对象的特征，以便重新组织对象特征，如颜色，形状和运动，同时区分环境中的不同对象。

    Brain-based device having a cerebellar model for predictive motor control
    9.
    发明授权
    Brain-based device having a cerebellar model for predictive motor control 有权
    具有用于预测性运动控制的小脑模型的基于脑的装置

    公开(公告)号：US08131658B2

    公开(公告)日：2012-03-06

    申请号：US12914596

    申请日：2010-10-28

    申请人： Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    发明人： Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    IPC分类号： G06N5/00

    CPC分类号： G05B13/04 ,  G05B13/026 ,  G06N3/008 ,  G06N3/049

    摘要： A mobile brain-based device (BBD) includes a mobile platform with sensors and effectors, which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of the cerebellar areas of the brain used for predictive motor control to determine interaction with a real-world environment. The simulated nervous system has neural areas including precerebellum nuclei (PN), Purkinje cells (PC), deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and an inferior olive (IO) for predicting turn and velocity control of the BBD during movement in a real-world environment. The BBD undergoes training and testing, and the simulated nervous system learns and performs control functions, based on a delayed eligibility trace learning rule.

    摘要翻译： 基于移动脑的设备（BBD）包括具有传感器和效果器的移动平台，其由模拟神经系统引导，模拟神经系统是用于预测运动控制的大脑小脑区域的类似物，以确定与真实世界的交互 环境。 模拟神经系统具有包括脑前核（PN），浦肯野细胞（PC），深小脑核（DCN）和下橄榄（IO）的神经区域，用于预测在现实环境中运动期间BBD的转向和速度控制 。 BBD经过培训和测试，模拟神经系统基于延迟资格追踪学习规则学习和执行控制功能。

    Brain-based device having a cerebellar model for predictive motor control
    10.
    发明授权
    Brain-based device having a cerebellar model for predictive motor control 有权
    具有用于预测性运动控制的小脑模型的基于脑的装置

    公开(公告)号：US07827124B2

    公开(公告)日：2010-11-02

    申请号：US11646930

    申请日：2006-12-27

    申请人： Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    发明人： Jeffrey L. McKinstry ,  Gerald M. Edelman ,  Jeffrey L. Krichmar

    IPC分类号： G06N5/00

    CPC分类号： G05B13/04 ,  G05B13/026 ,  G06N3/008 ,  G06N3/049

    摘要： A mobile brain-based device (BBD) includes a mobile platform with sensors and effectors, which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of the cerebellar areas of the brain used for predictive motor control to determine interaction with a real-world environment. The simulated nervous system has neural areas including precerebellum nuclei (PN), Purkinje cells (PC), deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and an inferior olive (IO) for predicting turn and velocity control of the BBD during movement in a real-world environment. The BBD undergoes training and testing, and the simulated nervous system learns and performs control functions, based on a delayed eligibility trace learning rule.

    摘要翻译： 基于移动脑的设备（BBD）包括具有传感器和效果器的移动平台，其由模拟神经系统引导，模拟神经系统是用于预测运动控制的大脑小脑区域的类似物，以确定与真实世界的交互 环境。 模拟神经系统具有包括脑前核（PN），浦肯野细胞（PC），深小脑核（DCN）和下橄榄（IO）的神经区域，用于预测在现实环境中运动期间BBD的转向和速度控制 。 BBD经过培训和测试，模拟神经系统基于延迟资格追踪学习规则学习和执行控制功能。