公开(公告)号：US20070198066A1

公开(公告)日：2007-08-23

申请号：US11592804

申请日：2006-11-03

申请人： Robert Greenberg ,  Matthew McMahon ,  Chris Sekirnjak ,  E.J. Chichilnisky

发明人： Robert Greenberg ,  Matthew McMahon ,  Chris Sekirnjak ,  E.J. Chichilnisky

IPC分类号： A61N1/18

CPC分类号： A61N1/36046 ,  Y10T29/49117

摘要： Existing epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to electrically stimulate large groups of surviving retinal neurons using a small number of electrodes with diameters of several hundred μm. To increase the spatial resolution of artificial sight, electrodes much smaller than those currently in use are desirable. In this study we stimulated and recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig, and monkey retina. We utilized micro-fabricated hexagonal arrays of 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 μm, spaced 60 μm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one or two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only one or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application of several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses, implying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities were typically below 0.1 mC/cm2 for a pulse duration of 100 μs, corresponding to charge thresholds of less than 100 pC. Stimulation remained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To demonstrate that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent ganglion cell responses, we utilized the multi-electrode array to stimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. From these data we conclude that electrical stimulation of mammalian retina with small-diameter electrode arrays is achievable and can provide high temporal and spatial precision at low charge densities. We review previous epiretinal stimulation studies and discuss our results in the context of 32 other publications, comparing threshold parameters and safety limits.

摘要翻译： 用于盲人的现有的视网膜植入物被设计为使用直径为几百马姆的少量电极来电刺激大组存活的视网膜神经元。 为了增加人造视觉的空间分辨率，期望比目前使用的电极小得多的电极。 在这项研究中，我们在孤立的大鼠，豚鼠和猴视网膜碎片中刺激并记录神经节细胞。 我们利用直径在6到25毫米之间的间隔60毫米的61铂铂电极的微制六边形阵列。 电荷平衡电流脉冲在延迟时间短达0.2 ms时诱发一个或两个尖峰，通常只有一个或几个记录的神经节细胞被刺激。 几种突触阻滞剂的应用并没有消除诱发反应，意味着神经节细胞的直接活化。 阈值电荷密度通常低于0.1 mC / cm2，脉冲持续时间为100 mus，对应于小于100 pC的电荷阈值。 刺激在几个小时后和高频下仍然有效。 为了证明紧密间隔的电极可以引起独立的神经节细胞反应，我们利用多电极阵列同时刺激几个附近的神经节细胞。 从这些数据，我们得出结论，可以实现具有小直径电极阵列的哺乳动物视网膜的电刺激，并且可以在低电荷密度下提供高的时间和空间精度。 我们回顾以前的epiretinal刺激研究，并讨论我们的结果在32个其他出版物，比较阈值参数和安全限制。

公开(公告)号：US20100236062A1

公开(公告)日：2010-09-23

申请号：US12789275

申请日：2010-05-27

申请人： Robert J. Greenberg ,  Matthew J. McMahon ,  Chris Sekirnjak ,  E.J. Chichilnisky

发明人： Robert J. Greenberg ,  Matthew J. McMahon ,  Chris Sekirnjak ,  E.J. Chichilnisky

IPC分类号： H01R43/00

CPC分类号： A61N1/36046 ,  Y10T29/49117

摘要： Existing epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to electrically stimulate large groups of surviving retinal neurons using a small number of electrodes with diameters of several hundred μm. To increase the spatial resolution of artificial sight, electrodes much smaller than those currently in use are desirable. In this study we stimulated and recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig, and monkey retina. We utilized micro-fabricated hexagonal arrays of 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 μm, spaced 60 μm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one or two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only one or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application of several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses, implying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities were typically below 0.1 mC/cm2 for a pulse duration of 100 μs, corresponding to charge thresholds of less than 100 pC. Stimulation remained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To demonstrate that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent ganglion cell responses, we utilized the multi-electrode array to stimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. From these data we conclude that electrical stimulation of mammalian retina with small-diameter electrode arrays is achievable and can provide high temporal and spatial precision at low charge densities. We review previous epiretinal stimulation studies and discuss our results in the context of 32 other publications, comparing threshold parameters and safety limits.

摘要翻译： 用于盲人的现有的视网膜植入物被设计为使用直径为几百μm的少量电极来电刺激大组存活的视网膜神经元。 为了增加人造视觉的空间分辨率，期望比目前使用的电极小得多的电极。 在这项研究中，我们在孤立的大鼠，豚鼠和猴视网膜碎片中刺激并记录神经节细胞。 我们利用直径在6和25微米之间的间隔60微米的61铂铂电极的微制六边形阵列。 电荷平衡电流脉冲在延迟时间短达0.2 ms时诱发一个或两个尖峰，通常只有一个或几个记录的神经节细胞被刺激。 几种突触阻滞剂的应用并没有消除诱发反应，意味着神经节细胞的直接活化。 对于100μs的脉冲持续时间，阈值电荷密度通常低于0.1 mC / cm2，对应于小于100 pC的电荷阈值。 刺激在几个小时后和高频下仍然有效。 为了证明紧密间隔的电极可以引起独立的神经节细胞反应，我们利用多电极阵列同时刺激几个附近的神经节细胞。 从这些数据，我们得出结论，可以实现具有小直径电极阵列的哺乳动物视网膜的电刺激，并且可以在低电荷密度下提供高的时间和空间精度。 我们回顾以前的epiretinal刺激研究，并讨论我们的结果在32个其他出版物，比较阈值参数和安全限制。

公开(公告)号：US20080045826A1

公开(公告)日：2008-02-21

申请号：US11923837

申请日：2007-10-25

申请人： Robert Greenberg ,  Matthew McMahon ,  Chris Sekirnjak ,  E.J. Chichilnisky

发明人： Robert Greenberg ,  Matthew McMahon ,  Chris Sekirnjak ,  E.J. Chichilnisky

IPC分类号： A61N1/04

CPC分类号： A61N1/36046 ,  Y10T29/49117

摘要： Existing epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to electrically stimulate large groups of surviving retinal neurons using a small number of electrodes with diameters of several hundred μm. To increase the spatial resolution of artificial sight, electrodes much smaller than those currently in use are desirable. In this study we stimulated and recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig, and monkey retina. We utilized micro-fabricated hexagonal arrays of 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 μm, spaced 60 μm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one or two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only one or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application of several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses, implying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities were typically below 0.1 mC/cm2 for a pulse duration of 100 μs, corresponding to charge thresholds of less than 100 pC. Stimulation remained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To demonstrate that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent ganglion cell responses, we utilized the multi-electrode array to stimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. From these data we conclude that electrical stimulation of mammalian retina with small-diameter electrode arrays is achievable and can provide high temporal and spatial precision at low charge densities. We review previous epiretinal stimulation studies and discuss our results in the context of 32 other publications, comparing threshold parameters and safety limits.

摘要翻译： 用于盲人的现有的视网膜植入物被设计为使用直径为几百马姆的少量电极来电刺激大组存活的视网膜神经元。 为了增加人造视觉的空间分辨率，期望比目前使用的电极小得多的电极。 在这项研究中，我们在孤立的大鼠，豚鼠和猴视网膜碎片中刺激并记录神经节细胞。 我们利用直径在6到25毫米之间的间隔60毫米的61铂铂电极的微制六边形阵列。 电荷平衡电流脉冲在延迟时间短达0.2 ms时诱发一个或两个尖峰，通常只有一个或几个记录的神经节细胞被刺激。 几种突触阻滞剂的应用并没有消除诱发反应，意味着神经节细胞的直接活化。 阈值电荷密度通常低于0.1 mC / cm2，脉冲持续时间为100 mus，对应于小于100 pC的电荷阈值。 刺激在几个小时后和高频下仍然有效。 为了证明紧密间隔的电极可以引起独立的神经节细胞反应，我们利用多电极阵列同时刺激几个附近的神经节细胞。 从这些数据，我们得出结论，可以实现具有小直径电极阵列的哺乳动物视网膜的电刺激，并且可以在低电荷密度下提供高的时间和空间精度。 我们回顾以前的epiretinal刺激研究，并讨论我们的结果在32个其他出版物，比较阈值参数和安全限制。