Abstract:
An ozone generating apparatus is provided which includes a pair of electrodes for producing a discharge by the application of an ac voltage therebetween, and at least one dielectric provided between the pair of electrodes. A source gas containing oxygen is provided into a discharge space in which the discharge is produced to generate ozone by the action of the discharge. A surface lying between at least one of the pair of electrodes and the discharge space and in contact with the discharge has a surface resistivity of 104Ω to 1011Ω. The source gas provided into the discharge space includes ultrapure oxygen having a purity of not less than 99.9%.
Abstract:
An ozone generating apparatus is provided which includes a pair of electrodes for producing a discharge by the application of an ac voltage therebetween, and at least one dielectric provided between the pair of electrodes. A source gas containing oxygen is provided into a discharge space in which the discharge is produced to generate ozone by the action of the discharge. A surface lying between at least one of the pair of electrodes and the discharge space and in contact with the discharge has a surface resistivity of 104Ω to 1011Ω. The source gas provided into the discharge space includes ultrapure oxygen having a purity of not less than 99.9%.
Abstract:
The invention provides an electroconductive roll having at least a surface layer forming an outer peripheral surface of the electroconductive roll. The surface layer contains projections and recesses. The projections contain a plurality of particles. A ratio of an area occupied by particles existing in a cross-section of a projection to an entire area of the cross-section of the projection is larger than a ratio of an area occupied by particles existing in a cross-section of a recess to an entire area of the cross-section of the recess. The invention further provides a process cartridge having a charging roll which is the electroconductive roll and/or a transfer roll which is the electroconductive roll. The invention further provides an image forming apparatus having a charging unit containing the electroconductive roll and/or a transfer unit containing the electroconductive roll.
Abstract:
A silent discharge plasma apparatus includes a dielectric member, a pair of electrodes opposed to each other across the dielectric member and an alternating-current source applying an alternating-current voltage between the electrodes and causing a discharge. A gas is supplied to a discharge space, where discharge occurs, and a plasma is produced. At least one of the electrodes includes a conductive power feeding thin film on the dielectric member. When the dielectric member is destroyed and an arc discharge develops between the electrodes, the power feeding thin film is eliminated or oxidized, and the arc discharge is stopped.
Abstract:
A plasma-generation power-supply device includes a transformer connected to an alternating-current power-supply, a rectifier connected to the transformer, an inverter connected to the rectifier, a reactor inserted in series in a power line of an ozonizer that is supplied with power from the inverter, and a controller that controls the inverter. The controller detects the current flowing to the ozonizer with a current detector and provides a control that keeps power applied to the ozonizer constant.
Abstract:
A plasma-generation power-supply device includes a transformer connected to an alternating-current power-supply, a rectifier connected to the transformer, an inverter connected to the rectifier a reactor inserted in series in a power line of an ozonizer that is supplied with power from the inverter, and a controllers that controls the inverter. The controller detects the current flowing to the ozonizer with a current detector and provides a control that keeps power applied to the ozonizer constant.
Abstract:
An ozonizer has a flat plate-shaped low voltage electrode and a flat plate-shaped high voltage electrode facing a main surface of the low voltage electrode. The ozomzer also has a flat plate-shaped dielectric and a spacer forming a discharge gap in a laminating direction, located between the low voltage electrode and the high voltage electrode, a high voltage electrode cooling unit forming a cooling water passage insulated from the high voltage electrode inside the high voltage electrode. An alternating voltage is applied between the low voltage electrode and the high voltage electrode and a discharge is produced in the discharge gap, into which oxygen is injected, to produce ozone gas.
Abstract:
The ozonizer of this present invention is small in size, and capable of generating highly concentrated ozone with a high (generating) efficiency. A low voltage electrode includes a disc-shaped low voltage electrode main body facing a high voltage electrode and an extension at one side of the low voltage electrode main body, and the extensions are laminated in layers on a base via blocks, and a coolant inlet portion for supplying coolant to a coolant passage, a coolant outlet portion for exhausting coolant from the coolant passage, and an ozone gas outlet portion for exhausting ozone gas from the ozone gas passage pass through the extensions and the blocks, respectively, in a laminating direction of the discharge cells.
Abstract:
Methods for quantifying the oil and water fractions of a fluid stream. A first method broadly includes making optical density (OD) measurements of the fluid stream by detecting photons of a first predetermined energy where the oil and water absorption characteristics are substantially identical (e.g., 1710 nm wavelength), and determining the oil and water fractions f.sub.o and f.sub.w according to OD.perspectiveto.f.sub.w .alpha..sub.w l+f.sub.o .alpha..sub.o l where .alpha..sub.w and .alpha..sub.o are related to the absorption coefficients of the oil and water at the predetermined energy, l is the path width of the fluid stream, and f.sub.w +f.sub.o =1. A second method which eliminates scattering effects utilizes the photons at the first predetermined energy and further utilizes photons of a second predetermined energy which is sufficiently close to the first predetermined energy such that the oil fraction is a linear function of the OD over the energy range. The oil and water fractions are then determined from the difference in optical density values (.DELTA.OD) according to .DELTA.OD=f.sub.o [(OD.sub.o,a -OD.sub.o,b)- (OD.sub.w,a -OD.sub.w,b)]+(OD.sub.w,a -OD.sub.w,b), where OD.sub.o,a, OD.sub.o,b, OD.sub.w,a, and OD.sub.w,b are the optical densities per unit length of pure oil (o) and pure water (w) at the first (a) and second (b) wavelengths.
Abstract:
A system including: an ozone generating device including discharge electrodes forming a discharge space; a gas supplying device; a power source device that supplies power to the discharge electrodes; a temperature adjustment device that adjusts temperature of the discharge electrodes; a control unit that controls the ozone generating device; and a detection unit that detects an ozone generation parameter in the ozone generating device. The control unit increases temperature of the discharge electrodes up to a vaporizing temperature of dinitrogen pentoxide by controlling the temperature adjustment device and the gas supplying device or the temperature adjustment device and the power source device, based on the output ozone generation parameter, to thereby switch operation from a normal operation mode to a cleaning operation mode in which surfaces of the discharge electrodes and the discharge space are cleaned up while continuing generation of ozone in the discharge space.