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公开(公告)号：US4858441A
公开(公告)日：1989-08-22
申请号：US147126
申请日：1988-01-21
CPC分类号： F02G1/0445 , F03G7/002 , F25B9/145 , F02G2243/52 , F02G2250/18 , F25B2309/1403 , F25B2309/1407 , F25B2309/1416
摘要： A heat-driven acoustic cooling engine having no moving parts receives heat from a heat source. The acoustic cooling engine comprises an elongated resonant pressure vessel having first and second ends. A compressible fluid having a substantial thermal expansion coefficient and capable of supporting an acoustic standing wave is contained in the resonant pressure vessel. The heat source supplies heat to the first end of the vessel. A first heat exchanger in the vessel is spaced-apart from the first end and receives heat from the first end. A first thermodynamic element is adjacent to the first heat exchanger and converts some of the heat transmitted by the first heat exchanger into acoustic power. A second thermodynamic element has a first end located spaced-apart from the first thermodynamic element and a second end farther away from the first thermodynamic element than is its first end. The first end of the second thermodynamic element heats while its second end cools as a consequence of the acoustic power. A second heat exchanger is adjacent to and between the first and second thermodynamic elements. A heat sink outside of the vessel is thermally coupled to and receives heat from the second heat exchanger. The resonant pressure vessel can include a housing less than one-fourth wavelength in length coupled to a reservoir. The housing can include a reduced diameter portion communicating with the reservoir.
摘要翻译： 没有移动部件的热驱动声冷却发动机从热源接收热量。 声学冷却发动机包括具有第一和第二端的细长谐振压力容器。 在共振压力容器中包含具有实质的热膨胀系数且能够支撑声驻波的可压缩流体。 热源将热量提供给容器的第一端。 容器中的第一热交换器与第一端间隔开并且从第一端接收热量。 第一热力学元件与第一热交换器相邻，并将由第一热交换器传输的一些热量转换成声功率。 第二热力学元件具有与第一热力学元件间隔开的第一端和远离第一热力学元件的第二端远离其第一端。 第二热力学元件的第一端加热，而其第二端作为声功率的结果而冷却。 第二热交换器与第一和第二热力学元件相邻并且位于第一和第二热力学元件之间。 容器外部的散热器热耦合到第二热交换器并从第二热交换器接收热量。 谐振压力容器可以包括耦合到储存器的长度小于四分之一波长的壳体。 壳体可以包括与储存器连通的直径减小的部分。
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公开(公告)号：US4722201A
公开(公告)日：1988-02-02
申请号：US942049
申请日：1986-12-16
CPC分类号： F25B9/145 , F02G2243/52 , F25B2309/1404 , F25B2309/1407 , F25B2309/1416
摘要： An acoustic cooling engine with improved thermal performance and reduced internal losses comprises a compressible fluid contained in a resonant pressure vessel. The fluid has a substantial thermal expansion coefficient and is capable of supporting an acoustic standing wave. A thermodynamic element has first and second ends and is located in the resonant pressure vessel in thermal communication with the fluid. The thermal response of the thermodynamic element to the acoustic standing wave pumps heat from the second end to the first end. The thermodynamic element permits substantial flow of the fluid through the thermodynamic element. An acoustic driver cyclically drives the fluid with an acoustic standing wave. The driver is at a location of maximum acoustic impedance in the resonant pressure vessel and proximate the first end of the thermodynamic element. A hot heat exchanger is adjacent to and in thermal communication with the first end of the thermodynamic element. The hot heat exchanger conducts heat from the first end to portions of the resonant pressure vessel proximate the hot heat exchanger. The hot heat exchanger permits substantial flow of the fluid through the hot heat exchanger. The resonant pressure vessel can include a housing less than one quarter wavelength in length coupled to a reservoir. The housing can include a reduced diameter portion communicating with the reservoir. The frequency of the acoustic driver can be continuously controlled so as to maintain resonance.
摘要翻译： 具有改进的热性能和减少的内部损耗的声学冷却发动机包括容纳在共振压力容器中的可压缩流体。 该流体具有相当大的热膨胀系数并且能够支持声驻波。 热力学元件具有第一和第二端并且位于与流体热连通的谐振压力容器中。 热力学元件对声驻波的热响应将热量从第二端泵送到第一端。 热力学元件允许流体通过热力学元件的大量流动。 声学驱动器循环地驱动具有声驻波的流体。 驱动器位于谐振压力容器中并且靠近热力学元件的第一端处的最大声阻抗的位置。 热交换器与热力学元件的第一端相邻并与其热连通。 热交换器将热量从第一端传导到靠近热交换器的共振压力容器的部分。 热交换器允许流体大量流过热交换器。 共振压力容器可以包括耦合到储存器的长度小于四分之一波长长度的壳体。 壳体可以包括与储存器连通的直径减小的部分。 可以连续地控制声学驱动器的频率以便保持谐振。
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公开(公告)号：US4538464A
公开(公告)日：1985-09-03
申请号：US539013
申请日：1983-10-04
CPC分类号： G01H3/10
摘要： A method for determining reactive acoustic power density level and its direction in a fluid using a single sensor is disclosed. In the preferred embodiment, an apparatus for conducting the method, which is termed a thermoacoustic couple, consists of a stack of thin, spaced apart polymeric plates, selected ones of which include multiple bimetallic thermocouple junctions positioned along opposite end edges thereof. The thermocouple junctions are connected in series in the nature of a thermopile, and are arranged so as to be responsive to small temperature differences between the opposite edges of the plates. The magnitude of the temperature difference, as represented by the magnitude of the electrical potential difference generated by the thermopile, is found to be directly related to the level of acoustic power density in the gas.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种使用单个传感器确定流体中的反应声功率密度水平及其方向的方法。 在优选实施例中，用于进行该方法的装置（被称为热声耦合）由薄的间隔开的聚合物板组成，其选定的一个包括沿其相对端边缘定位的多个双金属热电偶结。 热电偶的热电偶接头串联连接，并且被布置成响应于板的相对边缘之间的较小的温差。 发现由热电堆产生的电位差大小所表示的温度差的大小与气体中声功率密度的水平直接相关。
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公开(公告)号：US4560849A
公开(公告)日：1985-12-24
申请号：US620287
申请日：1984-06-13
申请人： Albert Migliori , Gregory W. Swift
发明人： Albert Migliori , Gregory W. Swift
摘要： A regulated induction heater for heating a stream of flowing fluid to a predetermined desired temperature. The heater includes a radiofrequency induction coil which surrounds a glass tube through which the fluid flows. A heating element consisting of a bundle of approximately 200 stainless steel capillary tubes located within the glass tube couples the output of the induction coil to the fluid. The temperature of the fluid downstream from the heating element is sensed with a platinum resistance thermometer, the output of which is applied to an adjustable proportional and integral feedback control circuit which regulates the power applied to the induction coil. The heater regulates the fluid temperature to within 0.005.degree. C. at a flow rate of 50 cm.sup.3 /second with a response time of less than 0.1 second, and can accommodate changes in heat load up to 1500 watts.
摘要翻译： 一种用于将流动流体流加热至预定期望温度的调节感应加热器。 加热器包括射频感应线圈，其围绕流体流过的玻璃管。 由位于玻璃管内的大约200个不锈钢毛细管组成的加热元件将感应线圈的输出与流体耦合。 使用铂电阻温度计感测加热元件下游的流体的温度，铂电阻温度计的输出被施加到可调节的比例积分反馈控制电路，其调节施加到感应线圈的功率。 加热器以50cm 3 /秒的流速将流体温度调节到0.005℃以内，响应时间小于0.1秒，并且可以适应高达1500瓦特的热负荷变化。
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5.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US4516632A
公开(公告)日：1985-05-14
申请号：US413635
申请日：1982-08-31
CPC分类号： F28D9/0075 , F28F2260/02 , Y10S366/03
摘要： A microchannel crossflow fluid heat exchanger and a method for its fabrication are disclosed. The heat exchanger is formed from a stack of thin metal sheets which are bonded together. The stack consists of alternating slotted and unslotted sheets. Each of the slotted sheets includes multiple parallel slots which form fluid flow channels when sandwiched between the unslotted sheets. Successive slotted sheets in the stack are rotated ninety degrees with respect to one another so as to form two sets of orthogonally extending fluid flow channels which are arranged in a crossflow configuration. The heat exchanger has a high surface to volume ratio, a small dead volume, a high heat transfer coefficient, and is suitable for use with fluids under high pressures. The heat exchanger has particular application in a Stirling engine that utilizes a liquid as the working substance.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种微通道横流流体热交换器及其制造方法。 热交换器由粘合在一起的薄金属片堆叠形成。 堆叠由交替的开槽和未打印的纸张组成。 每个开槽片包括多个平行的狭槽，当夹在未打印的片材之间时形成流体流动通道。 堆叠中的连续的开槽片材相对于彼此旋转90度，以便形成两组正交延伸的流体流动通道，这些流体流动通道以横向流动的形式布置。 热交换器具有高的体积比，小的死体积，高的传热系数，并且适用于高压下的流体。 热交换器特别适用于采用液体作为工作物质的斯特林发动机。
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公开(公告)号：US4577414A
公开(公告)日：1986-03-25
申请号：US728976
申请日：1985-04-30
IPC分类号： G01C17/26
CPC分类号： G01C17/26
摘要： A remotely readable fiber optic compass. A sheet polarizer is affixed to a magnet rotatably mounted in a compass body, such that the polarizer rotates with the magnet. The optical axis of the sheet polarizer is preferably aligned with the north-south axis of the magnet. A single excitation light beam is divided into four identical beams, two of which are passed through the sheet polarizer and through two fixed polarizing sheets which have their optical axes at right angles to one another. The angle of the compass magnet with respect to a fixed axis of the compass body can be determined by measuring the ratio of the intensities of the two light beams. The remaining ambiguity as to which of the four possible quadrants the magnet is pointing to is resolved by the second pair of light beams, which are passed through the sheet polarizer at positions which are transected by two semicircular opaque strips formed on the sheet polarizer. The incoming excitation beam and the four return beams are communicated by means of optical fibers, giving a remotely readable compass which has no electrical parts.
摘要翻译： 遥控光纤罗盘。 片状偏振器固定在可旋转地安装在罗盘体中的磁体上，使得偏光镜与磁体一起旋转。 偏光片的光轴优选与磁铁的南北轴对准。 单个激发光束被分成四个相同的光束，其中两个光束通过片状偏光片并通过两个固定的偏振片，它们的光轴彼此成直角。 罗盘磁体相对于罗盘体的固定轴的角度可以通过测量两个光束的强度的比例来确定。 关于磁体指向的四个可能象限中的哪一个的剩余模糊度被第二对光束解析，第二对光束在形成在薄片偏振器上的两个半圆形不透明条带横切的位置上穿过薄片偏振器。 传入的激励光束和四个返回光束通过光纤传送，给出了一个远程读取的罗盘，没有电气部分。
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公开(公告)号：US4599551A
公开(公告)日：1986-07-08
申请号：US672228
申请日：1984-11-16
IPC分类号： H02K44/08
CPC分类号： H02K44/085
摘要： A thermoacoustic magnetohydrodynamic electrical generator includes an intrinsically irreversible thermoacoustic heat engine coupled to a magnetohydrodynamic electrical generator. The heat engine includes an electrically conductive liquid metal as the working fluid and includes two heat exchange and thermoacoustic structure assemblies which drive the liquid in a push-pull arrangement to cause the liquid metal to oscillate at a resonant acoustic frequency on the order of 1,000 Hz. The engine is positioned in the field of a magnet and is oriented such that the liquid metal oscillates in a direction orthogonal to the field of the magnet, whereby an alternating electrical potential is generated in the liquid metal. Low-loss, low-inductance electrical conductors electrically connected to opposite sides of the liquid metal conduct an output signal to a transformer adapted to convert the low-voltage, high-current output signal to a more usable higher voltage, lower current signal.
摘要翻译： 热声磁流体动力发电机包括耦合到磁流体动力发电机的本征不可逆热声热发动机。 热引擎包括作为工作流体的导电液体金属，并且包括两个热交换和热声结构组件，其以推挽装置驱动液体，以使液体金属以大约1000Hz的谐振频率振荡 。 发动机定位在磁体的磁场中并且被定向为使得液态金属在与磁体的磁场正交的方向上振荡，从而在液态金属中产生交替电位。 电连接到液态金属的相对侧的低损耗低电感电导体将输出信号传导到适于将低电压，高电流输出信号转换成更可用的较高电压，较低电流信号的变压器。
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公开(公告)号：US4489553A
公开(公告)日：1984-12-25
申请号：US445650
申请日：1982-11-30
CPC分类号： F25B9/145 , F02G1/043 , F25B29/00 , F25B9/14 , F02G2243/52 , F05C2225/08 , F25B2309/003 , F25B2309/1404 , F25B2309/1407 , F25B2309/1408 , F25B2309/1413 , F25B2309/1416 , F25B2309/1417 , F25B2309/1419
摘要： A class of heat engines based on an intrinsically irreversible heat transfer process is disclosed. In a typical embodiment the engine comprises a compressible fluid that is cyclically compressed and expanded while at the same time being driven in reciprocal motion by a positive displacement drive means. A second thermodynamic medium is maintained in imperfect thermal contact with the fluid and bears a broken thermodynamic symmetry with respect to the fluid. the second thermodynamic medium is a structure adapted to have a low fluid flow impedance with respect to the compressible fluid, and which is further adapted to be in only moderate thermal contact with the fluid. In operation, thermal energy is pumped along the second medium due to a phase lag between the cyclical heating and cooling of the fluid and the resulting heat conduction between the fluid and the medium. In a preferred embodiment the engine comprises an acoustical drive and a housing containing a gas which is driven at a resonant frequency so as to be maintained in a standing wave. Operation of the engine at acoustic frequencies improves the power density and coefficient of performance. The second thermodynamic medium can be coupled to suitable heat exchangers to utilize the engine as a simple refrigeration device having no mechanical moving parts. Alternatively, the engine is reversible in function so as to be utilizable as a prime mover by coupling it to suitable sources and sinks of heat.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种基于本质上不可逆的传热过程的热机。 在典型的实施例中，发动机包括循环压缩和膨胀的可压缩流体，同时通过正位移驱动装置以往复运动驱动。 第二热力学介质保持与流体的不完全热接触并且相对于流体具有破裂的热力学对称性。 第二热力学介质是适于相对于可压缩流体具有低流体阻力的结构，并且还适于仅与流体进行温和的热接触。 在操作中，由于流体的循环加热和冷却之间的相位滞后以及所导致的流体和介质之间的热传导，热能被沿着第二介质泵送。 在优选实施例中，发动机包括声驱动器和容纳以共振频率驱动以保持在驻波中的气体的壳体。 发动机在声频下的运行提高了功率密度和性能系数。 第二热力学介质可以耦合到合适的热交换器，以将发动机用作没有机械运动部件的简单制冷装置。 或者，发动机的功能是可逆的，以便可以通过将发动机耦合到合适的热源和水槽来作为原动机。
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公开(公告)号：US4398398A
公开(公告)日：1983-08-16
申请号：US292979
申请日：1981-08-14
CPC分类号： F25B9/145 , F02G1/043 , F25B29/00 , F25B9/14 , F02G2243/52 , F05C2225/08 , F25B2309/1404 , F25B2309/1408 , F25B2309/1416
摘要： The disclosure is directed to an acoustical heat pumping engine without moving seals. A tubular housing holds a compressible fluid capable of supporting an acoustical standing wave. An acoustical driver is disposed at one end of the housing and the other end is capped. A second thermodynamic medium is disposed in the housing near to but spaced from the capped end. Heat is pumped along the second thermodynamic medium toward the capped end as a consequence both of the pressure oscillation due to the driver and imperfect thermal contact between the fluid and the second thermodynamic medium.
摘要翻译： 本公开涉及一种没有移动密封件的声学热泵发动机。 管状壳体容纳能够支持声驻波的可压缩流体。 声学驱动器设置在壳体的一端并且另一端被盖住。 第二热力学介质设置在壳体中靠近但与封盖端相隔离的位置。 热量沿着第二热力学介质被泵送到封盖端，结果是由于驱动器引起的压力振荡和流体与第二热力学介质之间的不完全的热接触。
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10.发明授权公开(公告)号：US07408235B2
公开(公告)日：2008-08-05
申请号：US10887153
申请日：2004-07-07
申请人： Neil Harrison , John Singleton , Albert Migliori
发明人： Neil Harrison , John Singleton , Albert Migliori
IPC分类号： G02F1/35
CPC分类号： H01L29/24 , B82Y10/00 , H01L29/158 , H01L29/66984 , H01L45/005
摘要： A quantum coherent switch having a substrate formed from a density wave (DW) material capable of having a periodic electron density modulation or spin density modulation, a dielectric layer formed onto a surface of the substrate that is orthogonal to an intrinsic wave vector of the DW material; and structure for applying an external spatially periodic electrostatic potential over the dielectric layer.
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