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1.发明授权Extracting a matte of a foreground object from multiple backgrounds by triangulation 失效通过三角测量从多个背景提取前景对象的哑光公开(公告)号：US06301382B1
公开(公告)日：2001-10-09
申请号：US08870940
申请日：1997-06-06
申请人： Alvy Ray Smith , James F. Blinn
发明人： Alvy Ray Smith , James F. Blinn
IPC分类号： G06K900
摘要： A method for pulling (extracting) a matte of an image of a foreground object from a composite image, using a computer. An image of the foreground object is recorded over at least two backgrounds having arbitrarily different coloring. Each point of one background must have a color that is different than the color of a corresponding point in the other backgrounds. The images may be recorded with an analog camera and digitized with a scanner or recorded with a digital camera. Images should be registered during recording and digitization to eliminate misalignment of corresponding points in each recorded image. A triangulation of corresponding points of each recorded image is performed so that an alpha value (opacity) and a set of color coordinates for each point of an uncomposited image of the foreground object may be determined using either a difference of sums technique or a least squares technique. To facilitate the triangulation, images are recorded of each background alone, without the foreground object. The lighting and distances between the camera and object, and between the object and backgrounds should remain constant during the image recording process.
摘要翻译： 一种使用计算机从合成图像中拉出（提取）前景物体的图像的无光泽的方法。 在具有任意不同着色的至少两个背景上记录前景物体的图像。 一个背景的每个点必须具有与其他背景中相应点的颜色不同的颜色。 可以用模拟摄像机记录图像并用扫描仪数字化或用数码相机记录。 应在记录和数字化过程中注册图像，以消除每个记录图像中相应点的未对准。 执行每个记录图像的对应点的三角测量，使得可以使用和技术或最小二乘法的差异来确定前景对象的未合成图像的每个点的α值（不透明度）和一组颜色坐标 技术。 为了方便三角测量，单独记录每个背景的图像，没有前景对象。 在图像记录过程中，照相机和物体之间以及对象和背景之间的照明和距离应保持不变。
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公开(公告)号：US06816622B2
公开(公告)日：2004-11-09
申请号：US09982435
申请日：2001-10-18
IPC分类号： G06K940
CPC分类号： G06T3/4007 , G06T5/002 , G06T5/20 , G06T2200/12
摘要： An optimal filter kernel, formed by convolving a box filter with a filter of fixed integer width and unity area, is used to perform image resizing and reconstruction. The optimal filter has forced zeros at locations along a frequency scale corresponding to the reciprocal of the spacing of one or more pixels that comprise a source image to be resized. When a rescale value for a source image is selected, the optimal filter kernel is computed, mapped to the source image, and centered upon a location within the source image corresponding to the position of an output pixel to be generated. The number of pixels that lie underneath the optimal filter kernel is established by multiplying the number of pixels that comprise the width of the source image by the selected rescale value. Upon mapping the optimal filter kernel, the output pixel values that comprise the resized image are then evaluated by processing the one or more source image pixels, such as through interpolation. Alternatively, the output pixel values of the resized image are calculated by performing partial integral analysis with respect to a standard filter kernel of fixed width and unity area. The output pixel values are calculated by multiplying the pixel value for each pixel under the kernel by the area of the standard filter kernel surrounding the pixel. The products are then summed to reveal the output pixel value, and placed into the output image buffer. Both of these methods speed up the computation process, while producing a ripple free output image.
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3.发明授权System and method for using native floating point microprocessor instructions to manipulate 16-bit floating point data representations 失效使用本机浮点微处理器指令来操纵16位浮点数据表示的系统和方法公开(公告)号：US07330864B2
公开(公告)日：2008-02-12
申请号：US09797937
申请日：2001-03-01
CPC分类号： H03M7/24 , G06F7/483 , G06F9/30025
摘要： A method for providing a 16-bit floating point data representation where the 16-bit floating point data representation may be operated upon by a microprocessors native floating point instruction set. The method contemplates the use a variety of techniques for converting the 16-bit floating point number into a representative native floating point value. Thereafter, the native microprocessor floating point instruction set may perform operations upon the converted data. Upon completion, the native floating point data representation may be converted back into the 16-bit floating point value.
摘要翻译： 一种用于提供16位浮点数据表示的方法，其中16位浮点数据表示可以由微处理器本地浮点指令集来操作。 该方法考虑使用各种技术将16位浮点数转换为代表性的本机浮点值。 此后，本地微处理器浮点指令集可以对转换的数据执行操作。 完成后，本地浮点数据表示可以转换回16位浮点值。
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4.发明授权Filtering image data to obtain samples mapped to pixel sub-components of a display device 失效过滤图像数据以获得映射到显示设备的像素子组件的样本公开(公告)号：US07085412B2
公开(公告)日：2006-08-01
申请号：US11166658
申请日：2005-06-24
CPC分类号： G09G5/005 , G09G5/006 , G09G2320/0242 , G09G2320/0276 , G09G2340/0457
摘要： Image data processing and image rendering methods and systems whereby images are displayed on display devices having pixels with separately controllable pixel sub-components. Image data, such as data encoded in a three-channel signal, is passed through a low-pass filter to remove frequencies higher than a selected cutoff frequency, which obtain samples from the color components of the signal that map spatially different image regions to individual pixel sub-components. It has been found that color aliasing effects can be significantly reduces at a cutoff frequency somewhat higher than the Nyquist frequency, while enhancing the spatial resolution of the image. The image data is then passed through sampling filters, A generalized set of filters includes nine filters, one for each combination of one color and one pixel sub-component. The filtering coefficients of the filters can be selected to optimize of approximate an optimization of an error metric, which represents the color and luminance errors perceived on the display device. In this manner, a desired balance between color accuracy and luminance accuracy can be obtained. The samples mapped to individual pixel sub-components are used to generate luminous intensity values for the displayed image.
摘要翻译： 图像数据处理和图像渲染方法和系统，其中图像被显示在具有可分开控制的像素子组件的像素的显示装置上。 图像数据，例如以三通道信号编码的数据，通过低通滤波器以去除高于所选截止频率的频率，该频率从将空间不同图像区域映射到个体的信号的颜色分量获得样本 像素子组件。 已经发现，在提高图像的空间分辨率的截止频率下，颜色混叠效应可以显着地降低到比奈奎斯特频率稍高的截止频率。 图像数据然后通过采样滤波器。 一组广泛的滤波器包括九个滤波器，一个用于一个颜色和一个像素子组件的每个组合。 可以选择滤波器的滤波系数以优化误差度量的近似优化，其表示在显示装置上感知的颜色和亮度误差。 以这种方式，可以获得颜色精度和亮度精度之间的期望的平衡。 使用映射到各个像素子分量的样本来生成显示图像的亮度值。
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5.发明授权Filtering image data to obtain samples mapped to pixel sub-components of a display device 失效过滤图像数据以获得映射到显示设备的像素子组件的样本公开(公告)号：US06973210B1
公开(公告)日：2005-12-06
申请号：US09481163
申请日：2000-01-12
CPC分类号： G09G3/20 , G09G2320/02 , G09G2340/0457
摘要： Image data processing and image rendering methods and systems whereby images are displayed on display devices having pixels with separately controllable pixel sub-components. Image data, such as data encoded in a three-channel signal, is passed through a low-pass filter to remove frequencies higher than a selected cutoff frequency, which obtain samples from the color components of the signal that map spatially different image regions to individual pixel sub-components. It has been found that color aliasing effects can be significantly reduces at a cutoff frequency somewhat higher than the Nyquist frequency, while enhancing the spatial resolution of the image. The image data is then pass through sampling filters, A generalized set of filters includes nine filters, one for each combination of one color and one pixel sub-component. The filtering coefficients of the filters can be selected to optimize of approximate an optimization of an error metric, which represents the color and luminance errors perceived on the display device. In this manner, a desired balance between color accuracy and luminance accuracy can be obtained. The samples mapped to individual pixel sub-components are used to generate luminous intensity values for the displayed image.
摘要翻译： 图像数据处理和图像渲染方法和系统，其中图像被显示在具有可分开控制的像素子组件的像素的显示装置上。 图像数据，例如以三通道信号编码的数据，通过低通滤波器以去除高于所选截止频率的频率，该频率从将空间不同图像区域映射到个体的信号的颜色分量获得样本 像素子组件。 已经发现，在提高图像的空间分辨率的截止频率下，颜色混叠效应可以显着地降低到比奈奎斯特频率稍高的截止频率。 图像数据然后通过采样滤波器。 一组广泛的滤波器包括九个滤波器，一个用于一个颜色和一个像素子组件的每个组合。 可以选择滤波器的滤波系数以优化误差度量的近似优化，其表示在显示装置上感知的颜色和亮度误差。 以这种方式，可以获得颜色精度和亮度精度之间的期望的平衡。 使用映射到各个像素子分量的样本来生成显示图像的亮度值。
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公开(公告)号：US6161119A
公开(公告)日：2000-12-12
申请号：US186965
申请日：1998-11-05
CPC分类号： G06F5/01
摘要： A scaling multiplier circuit in accordance with the invention includes a multiplier circuit, a carry calculation circuit, a logic circuit, and an adder circuit. The multiplier circuit produces a 16-bit product of two 8-bit input numbers. The 16-bit product has bits m(15:0). The carry calculation circuit produces a first carryout bit from a sum of a first number consisting of bits m(6:0), a second number consisting of bits m(14:8), and a third number consisting of bit m(7). The logic circuit produces intermediate carryout bits from a sum of bit m(7m), m(15), the first carryout bit, and a constant bit having a value of "1". The adder circuit produces the actual scaled product by summing the intermediate carryout bits and a fourth number consisting of bits m(15:8).
摘要翻译： 根据本发明的缩放倍数电路包括乘法器电路，进位计算电路，逻辑电路和加法器电路。 乘法器电路产生两个8位输入数字的16位乘积。 16位产品有位m（15：0）。 进位计算电路从由位m（6：0）组成的第一数字，由位m（14：8）组成的第二数字和由位m（7）组成的第三数字）之和产生第一输入位， 。 逻辑电路从位m（7m），m（15），第一进位位和具有值“1”的恒定位的和产生中间进位位。 加法器电路通过将中间进位位和由位m（15：8）组成的第四数相加来产生实际缩放乘积。
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公开(公告)号：US07924278B2
公开(公告)日：2011-04-12
申请号：US11495246
申请日：2006-07-28
申请人： Charles T. Loop , James F. Blinn
发明人： Charles T. Loop , James F. Blinn
CPC分类号： G06T15/40 , G06T2200/28
摘要： Surfaces defined by Bézier tetrahedron are generated on programmable graphics hardware. Custom programmed vertex processing, performed by either the CPU or the GPU includes the computation of a symmetric tensor and the assignment of the unique elements of the computed symmetric tensor as vertex attribute data. The vertex attribute data is interpolated by the graphics hardware and output to custom programmed pixel processing. The pixel processing uses the interpolated vertex attribute data to reconstruct, at each pixel, the symmetric tensor which enables the determination of the roots of the polynomial defining the surface to be generated. If no real roots exist, the pixel processing can exit early. If the roots of the polynomial exist, the smallest root can be used as the basis for computing a normal to a point on the surface being rendered, enabling the determination of the color and depth of that pixel.
摘要翻译： Bézier四面体定义的曲面是在可编程图形硬件上生成的。 由CPU或GPU执行的定制编程顶点处理包括对称张量的计算和计算的对称张量的唯一元素的分配作为顶点属性数据。 顶点属性数据由图形硬件插值并输出到自定义编程像素处理。 像素处理使用内插顶点属性数据在每个像素处重建对称张量，其使得能够确定限定要生成的表面的多项式的根。 如果没有真正的根存在，像素处理可以提前退出。 如果存在多项式的根，则可以使用最小的根作为计算正在渲染的表面上的点的法线的基础，从而能够确定该像素的颜色和深度。
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公开(公告)号：US20080024490A1
公开(公告)日：2008-01-31
申请号：US11495246
申请日：2006-07-28
申请人： Charles T. Loop , James F. Blinn
发明人： Charles T. Loop , James F. Blinn
IPC分类号： G06T15/40
CPC分类号： G06T15/40 , G06T2200/28
摘要： Surfaces defined by Bézier tetrahedron are generated on programmable graphics hardware. Custom programmed vertex processing, performed by either the CPU or the GPU includes the computation of a symmetric tensor and the assignment of the unique elements of the computed symmetric tensor as vertex attribute data. The vertex attribute data is interpolated by the graphics hardware and output to custom programmed pixel processing. The pixel processing uses the interpolated vertex attribute data to reconstruct, at each pixel, the symmetric tensor which enables the determination of the roots of the polynomial defining the surface to be generated. If no real roots exist, the pixel processing can exit early. If the roots of the polynomial exist, the smallest root can be used as the basis for computing a normal to a point on the surface being rendered, enabling the determination of the color and depth of that pixel.
摘要翻译： Bézier四面体定义的曲面是在可编程图形硬件上生成的。 由CPU或GPU执行的定制编程顶点处理包括对称张量的计算和计算的对称张量的唯一元素的分配作为顶点属性数据。 顶点属性数据由图形硬件插值并输出到自定义编程像素处理。 像素处理使用内插顶点属性数据在每个像素处重建对称张量，其使得能够确定限定要生成的表面的多项式的根。 如果没有真正的根存在，像素处理可以提前退出。 如果存在多项式的根，则可以使用最小的根作为计算正在渲染的表面上的点的法线的基础，从而能够确定该像素的颜色和深度。
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9.发明授权Image generator and method for resolving non-binary cyclic occlusions with image compositing operations 失效用图像合成操作解决非二进制循环闭塞的图像生成器和方法公开(公告)号：US06215503B1
公开(公告)日：2001-04-10
申请号：US09086966
申请日：1998-05-29
申请人： John Snyder , James F. Blinn , Jerome E. Lengyel
发明人： John Snyder , James F. Blinn , Jerome E. Lengyel
IPC分类号： G06T1700
CPC分类号： G06T15/40
摘要： An image generator takes graphical objects and an occlusion relationship for the objects and resolves non-binary occlusion cycles with image compositing operations to produce an output image of the objects. The image generator takes an occlusion relationship for objects in a scene and a set of antialiased image layers with transparency of the objects and produces an antialiased image of the objects with hidden surfaces eliminated. One implementation operates on subsets of the objects in a scene that form non-binary cycles. This implementation uses a chain of atop operators to combine occluding objects with a selected object from a subset, and then combines this result with other objects in the cycle using over image operations. Another implementation computes a chain of out image operations for each object to combine the image layers of the occluding objects with the image layer of the object. The results of each chain of out image operations are summed to produce an output image.
摘要翻译： 图像生成器为对象获取图形对象和遮挡关系，并通过图像合成操作解析非二进制闭塞周期以产生对象的输出图像。 图像生成器对场景中的对象和一组具有对象透明度的抗锯齿图像层采取闭塞关系，并产生具有隐藏表面的对象的抗锯齿图像。 一个实现对形成非二进制周期的场景中的对象的子集进行操作。 该实现使用顶部操作符链将闭塞对象与来自子集的所选对象组合，然后使用过度映像操作将该结果与循环中的其他对象组合。 另一个实现为每个对象计算出一组out图像操作，以将封闭对象的图像层与对象的图像层组合。 输出图像操作的每个链的结果被相加以产生输出图像。
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公开(公告)号：US06184891B2
公开(公告)日：2001-02-06
申请号：US09047958
申请日：1998-03-25
申请人： James F. Blinn
发明人： James F. Blinn
IPC分类号： G06T1550
摘要： A method for simulating fog in 3D graphics rendering applications correctly computes fogged pixel colors even in graphics scenes where two surfaces overlap and the frontmost surface is partially transparent. The method computes the fog for each surface according to the following formula: ƒF atop A, where ƒ is the amount of fog, F is the color of the fog, and A is the color of the pixel being fogged. Each fogged surface can be rendered independently to a separate image layer, called a fogged image layer. The graphics rendering system can then simulate the motion of a fogged image layer by moving the fogged layer in an (x,y) plane without re-computing the fogged pixels, or by moving the fogged layer in the z-direction and independently re-computing the moving fogged layer with a new value for the amount of fog applied to the image layer. The method applies to scenes where there are several fogged layers and to scenes that simulate fire and glow with pixels that are totally transparent but have non-zero color values.
摘要翻译： 即使在两个表面重叠的图形场景中，并且最前面的表面部分透明，用于模拟3D图形渲染应用程序中的灰雾的方法也能正确地计算模糊像素颜色。 该方法根据以下公式计算每个表面的雾度：ƒF在A上，其中ƒ是雾的数量，F是雾的颜色，A是被雾化的像素的颜色。 每个雾化的表面可以独立地渲染到单独的图像层，称为雾化图像层。 然后，图形渲染系统可以通过在（x，y）平面中移动雾化层来模拟雾化图像层的运动，而不需要重新计算雾化像素，或者通过沿z方向移动雾化层， 计算移动的雾化层与应用于图像层的雾量的新值。 该方法适用于具有多个雾化层的场景，以及模拟与完全透明但具有非零色彩值的像素的火焰和辉光的场景。
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