摘要:
A liquid crystal device comprises a layer of fibers or filaments (15) permeated with liquid crystal material, the layer (15) being located between electrodes (13, 14) by means of which an electric field can be applied across the layer to vary the transmissivity of the liquid crystal/fiber composite. The diameters of the fibers/filaments are selected so that the light transmissivity of the composite has reduced sensitivity with respect to mismatch of the refractive indices of the liquid crystal and the fibers/filaments.
摘要:
A method of making a liquid crystal device comprises producing, for example by means of electrostatic spraying, ligaments of a curable liquid which are deposited as such or as droplets (as a result of breaking up of the ligaments) on a sheet which is to form one boundary wall of the device. Curing of the liquid may be initiated while the liquid is in flight and completed after deposition. Liquid crystal material is applied to the deposited ligaments or droplets and a second sheet is laminated with the first sheet to encapsulate the liquid crystal material. The deposited ligaments or droplets serve to space the sheets apart and/or provide surfaces with which, in the field-off condition, the liquid crystal molecules can align in directions different to the direction of alignment induced by application of an electric or magnetic field.
摘要:
Relatively low resistivity liquids are formed into sprays under the influence of an applied electric field acting between a nozzle and the nozzle surroundings which may be at earth potential. The liquid issues from the nozzle as a ligament which undergoes necking to a diameter smaller than that of the nozzle orifice, thereby producing droplets with a volume median diameter less than the orifice diameter.
摘要:
An apparatus is disclosed suitable for electrostatic spraying from fixed wing aircraft. The apparatus includes a linear electrostatic spraying nozzle 2 and electrodes 4 placed near the nozzle's spraying edge to intensify the electric field strength at the spraying edge sufficiently to produce ligaments of the liquid to be sprayed from the spraying edge. In order that the airstream due to the aircraft's movement does not destroy the ligamets, the sprayhead and the electrodes are positioned so that part of the airstream flows between them. The spray head and the electrodes are so shaped and positioned that when directed to spray in substantially the same direction as the airstream, a turbulence free wake is left in the region of the ligaments.
摘要:
Electrostatic spraying apparatus and process for spraying liquids which form a coalescent resistant surface in flight in a particular environment to produce a powder or granular material. The process involves delivering a liquid to a spraying site of an electrostatic spray head; making contact with the liquid via an electrically conducting or semiconducting liquid contacting surface; charging the liquid contacting surface to a high voltage of one polarity relative to a reference surface to intensify the electric field strength at the spraying site sufficiently that the liquid at the spraying site is drawn out preponderantly by electrostatic forces into at least one cone from which a corresponding ligament issues and breaks up into a spray of electrostatically charged droplets; providing the environment in a space sufficient that droplets from the spray head form, in flight, particles having a substantially coalescent resistant surface; and collecting the particles so formed.
摘要:
An electrostatic spray gun includes a housing for receiving a replaceable fluid container, a nozzle from which fluid is to be sprayed, a device for expelling fluid from the container, and a high voltage generator for applying electrostatic potential to the fluid to form an electrically charged atomized spray at the nozzle. An electrical path from the generator to the nozzle passes through the fluid, entering the fluid prior to its emergence from the nozzle. The container is rigid and fluid is expelled from the container by a piston under pressure exerted thereon through a forward part of the generator.
摘要:
Relatively low resistivity liquids are formed into sprays under the influence of an applied electric field acting between a nozzle and the nozzle surroundings which may be at earth potential. The liquid issues from the nozzle as a ligament which undergoes necking to a diameter smaller than that of the nozzle orifice, thereby producing droplets with a volume median diameter less than the orifice diameter.
摘要:
Apparatus, for example an inhaler, is disclosed in which a spray is formed electrostatically from an outlet 6 to achieve uniform droplet size. The spray is then discharged for its intended use--in the example inhaling. The spray is discharged completely by corona produced by a sharp discharge electrode 16 which is charged to a polarity opposite that of the liquid. In order to prevent the corona from spoiling the formation of the spray itself, the liquid of the outlet 6 is protected by a neutral shield electrode 8. The spray issues through a hole 14 in the shield electrode. The hole is sufficiently small to prevent corona getting through, yet sufficiently large to allow the spray through.
摘要:
An apparatus and process for the electrostatic spraying of a mixture of a plurality of liquids, suitably liquids which react together rapidly to form a solid, liquids which are physically imcompatible, or liquids, such as paints, to provide novel optical effects. The apparatus includes a sprayhead formed with a plurality of channels which communicate with a common outlet means. The liquids are supplied to respective channels and meet at the outlet means. There they are subjected to an electrical field which causes a mixture of the liquids to be drawn from the sprayhead in the form of one or more filaments, the or each filament constaining a mixture of liquids in the proportions equal or substantially equal to the proportions in which the liquids were supplied to the sprayhead.
摘要:
An electrostatic spray gun including a housing for receiving a replaceable fluid container, a nozzle from which fluid is to be sprayed, apparatus for expelling the fluid from the container and a high voltage generator for applying electrostatic potential to the fluid to form an electrically charged atomized spray at the nozzle. The replaceable fluid container is externally insulating and the electrical path from the generator passes through the fluid entering it at a point remote from the nozzle. A piston is employed to expel the fluid from the nozzle during spraying. The electrostatic spray gun has the advantage that it does not employ propellants and the paint need not be stored in a flexible plastic container thereby preventing loss of solvent during storage.