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公开(公告)号：US4046969A
公开(公告)日：1977-09-06
申请号：US711811
申请日：1976-08-05
申请人： James Edwin Dalley
发明人： James Edwin Dalley
CPC分类号： H04M19/003
摘要： A telephone line transformer having less iron in its core can be achieved by providing the transformer with a third winding to balance out the DC magnetization produced by the tip and ring windings. This winding must be bypassed by a capacitor of fairly large size to provide sufficiently low impedance at voice frequencies to prevent voice currents from flowing through the balancing winding. A capacitor of large enough size, however, may prevent the development of sufficient voltage change during dial pulsing for reliable dial pulse detection. This problem is solved by providing a dynamic capacitor bypass arrangement which includes a negative feedback operational amplifier together with a balancing winding bypass capacitor of reasonable size. The dynamic circuit magnifies the bypass capacitance with respect to voice frequency signals but saturates during dial pulsing and thus leaves the capacitance temporarily unamplified. The arrangement thus yields an effective bypass capacitance of approximately 35,000.mu.f at voice frequencies from a 15.mu.f capacitor which is small enough to permit adequate voltage changes to occur during dial pulsing. Background of the InventionThis invention relates to telephone line circuits and, more particularly, to line circuits for supplying battery feed to one or more remote telephone sets.Most line circuits for supplying the DC current required by the telephone sets' carbon microphone employ a line transformer. The transformer permits a balanced line circuit to be connected to an unbalanced switching path, it provides impedance transformation, and, if properly connected, it prevents longitudinal voltages appearing on the balanced line side from being coupled to its unbalanced side.The line windings of the transformer either may be connected to carry the DC line current needed by the remote carbon microphone or they may be isolated from the DC current by means of a blocking capacitor. In the latter case, shunt feed inductors must usually be employed to prevent the low-impedance battery supply from short circuiting the AC components of the speech signal.Heretofore, it has been suggested that the bulky current feed inductors could be replaced by a pair of opposite conductivity-type transistors biased for constant current operation to prevent excessive current on short loops and to provide adequate current on long loops. Examples of this type of shunt feed may be found in J. K. Livingstone U.S. Pat. No. 3,035,122, issued May 15, 1962, and in S. Orbach U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,052, issued May 4, 1976. It is to be noted, however, that these shunt feed arrangements require the use of a high quality blocking capacitor having low leakage and adequate capacitance to provide good AC coupling of speech signals to the transformer winding. In addition, the dielectric material of the blocking capacitor should be able to withstand lightning voltage surges of several hundred volts that may occur if one of the pair of carbon block protectors develops high impedance to ground with age.On the other hand, in the conventional series feed arrangement, the two split primary windings of the line "components" respectively carry the DC microphone current to the tip and ring conductors of the telephone line. Unfortunately, the need to carry the DC current requires that more "iron" be employed in the transformer core to avoid core saturation. The increased size and weight of such construction detracts from the utility of series feed arrangements in the newer, lightweight and compact styles of construction which have come into vogue in the telephone industry with the advent of printed wiring boards and the expanding usage of integrated circuit technology.In the copending application of J. F. O'Neill Ser. No. 711,809, filed of even date herewith, it is shown that the use of a third winding poled oppositely with respect to the tip and ring windings can be used to balance-out their net DC magnetization. The O'Neill application shows that the AC components of the speech signals may be bypassed by a capacitor if the third winding is driven from the collector circuit of a properly biased transistor. The high AC impedance of the transistor collector prevents the third winding from being short-circuited by the capacitor at voice frequencies. While it is important that the bypass capacitor be sufficiently large to offer a low impedance path to the wire "components of speech signals, a capacitor of such size will prevent dial pulses from being easily detected. This because when the loop conductors are opened during a dial pulse, the nominal 30 milliamperes of line current will be reduced to zero but will be restored within 50 milliseconds. Capacitance of several hundred .mu.f, which is sufficiently large, effectively to bypass the third winding at audio frequencies will prevent a very large voltage change from occurring during the 50 millisecond loop open interval, as can be appreciated from the relationship, V = 1/C .intg. idt. It would be extremely advantageous to be able to employ the constant current-driven O'Neill third winding line transformer and still to be able reliably to detect dial pulses using conventional transistor integrated amplifier circuitry.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONI have discovered that a capacitor of small enough size not to impair the detection of dial pulsing signals may nevertheless be employed to bypass voice frequency currents flowing through the tip and ring windings from entering the balancing winding if the junction point of the third winding and the bypass capacitor is controlled by a dynamic, negative feedback amplifier circuit which multiplies the effective capacitance when only voice frequency signals are present in the tip and ring windings but which saturates when step function or dial pulsing signals are presented and which, therefore, temporarily leaves the effective value of the capacitor unchanged. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the aforementioned junction point is connected to the midpoint of a capacitive voltage divider, the ends of which are bridged between the negative input and output terminals of an operational amplifier in shunt with the feedback resistance. The positive input terminal of the amplifier is connected to a point of zero AC potential, which advantageously may be the point of connection for the DC operating potential for the amplifier. In accordance with an aspect of the illustrative embodiment, the dynamic bypass arrangements yields an effective capacitance reactance that can be expressed asX = -B/(A.sup.2 .omega..sup.3 + B.sup.2 .omega.), (1)where A is the product of the capacitance of the two voltage divider capacitors and the feedback resistor and B is the sum of the capacitance of the bypass capacitor and the two voltage divider capacitors. In the illustrative embodiment where the bypass capacitor is of the order of 15.mu.f, the capacitive reactance exhibited to voice components is equivalent to a capacitance of over 35,000.mu.f.
摘要翻译： 可以通过向变压器提供第三绕组来平衡由尖端和环形绕组产生的直流磁化，来实现其铁心中具有较少铁的电话线路变压器。 该绕组必须由相当大尺寸的电容器旁路，以在语音频率处提供足够低的阻抗，以防止语音电流流过平衡绕组。 然而，尺寸足够大的电容器可以防止在拨号脉冲期间产生足够的电压变化，以进行可靠的拨号脉冲检测。 该问题通过提供一种动态电容器旁路装置来解决，该装置包括负反馈运算放大器以及具有合理尺寸的平衡绕组旁路电容器。 动态电路相对于语音频率信号放大旁路电容，但在拨号脉冲期间会饱和，从而使电容暂时未放大。 因此，该布置在来自15μF电容器的语音频率处产生大约35,000μFf的有效旁路电容，其足够小以允许在拨号脉冲期间发生足够的电压变化。
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公开(公告)号：US4034294A
公开(公告)日：1977-07-05
申请号：US687624
申请日：1976-05-19
申请人： James Edwin Dalley
发明人： James Edwin Dalley
摘要： A PCM coder/decoder circuit is disclosed employing a counter that counts clock pulses until a transmitting ramp voltage equals that of an outgoing speech sample. The encoded count is transmitted in complemented form to the distant station where it is eventually entered into a counter similar to that of the transmitting station. Clock pulses are then applied to the receiving counter until a carry is generated at which time a receiving ramp waveform is disconnected from a decoding capacitor. The counter at the receiving station is enabled prematurely to generate the count so that the "reaction time" of the physical circuit components is compensated for. Compensation of this reaction time is important in reducing the nonlinear distortion that would otherwise be introduced when the ramp waveforms that are employed are of the companded type. The circuit operates in an overlap fashion, encoding and receiving in one field and decoding and transmitting in another field. Control time slots are interspersed between these fields and the control time slot intervals are advantageously employed to augment the code in the counter.
摘要翻译： 公开了PCM编码器/解码器电路，其采用计数时钟脉冲的计数器，直到发送斜坡电压等于输出语音样本的发送斜坡电压。 编码的计数以补充的形式发送到远程站，其最终进入类似于发射站的计数器的计数器。 然后将时钟脉冲施加到接收计数器，直到产生进位，此时接收斜坡波形与解码电容器断开。 接收站的计数器能够过早地产生计数，从而补偿物理电路部件的“反应时间”。 该反应时间的补偿对于减少当所采用的斜坡波形是压缩类型时将引入的非线性失真是重要的。 电路以重叠的方式工作，在一个字段中进行编码和接收，并在另一个领域进行解码和发送。 控制时隙散布在这些场之间，并且有利地采用控制时隙间隔来增加计数器中的代码。
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