公开(公告)号：US08718586B2

公开(公告)日：2014-05-06

申请号：US12495280

申请日：2009-06-30

申请人： Jon Martens ,  Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Jon Martens ,  Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： H04B7/00

CPC分类号： G01R27/32

摘要： Shockline-based samplers of a vector-network analyzer (VNA) have enhanced dynamic range by using a dynamic bias network applied to the non-linear transmission lines (NLTLs) or shocklines. The bias voltage applied to the NLTL provides direct control over the falling-edge shockline compression, and thus the insertion loss and overall RF bandwidth of the sampler. Alternating between a forward bias voltage to turn off a shockline sampler when it is not needed and thereby reducing spurious generation and improving isolation can be alternatively applied with a reverse bias voltage to turn on the shockline sampler in a normal operation mode. By measuring the shockline output and providing feedback in the reverse-bias mode, the bias voltage can be dynamically adjusted to significantly increase the performance of the NLTL based sampler. In the presence of a strong positive bias voltage, the incoming LO and its harmonics experience large ohmic losses thus preventing gating pulses from forming in the shockline. The ohmic losses enable strong isolation between the LO sampling channels and will increase spectral purity at the VNA test ports.

摘要翻译： 矢量网络分析仪（VNA）的基于Shockline的采样器通过使用应用于非线性传输线（NLTL）或冲击线的动态偏置网络来增强动态范围。 施加到NLTL的偏置电压可以直接控制下降沿冲击线压缩，从而提供采样器的插入损耗和总体RF带宽。 在不需要冲击线采样器的正向偏置电压之间进行交替，从而减少杂散产生和改善隔离，可替代地以反向偏置电压施加以在正常操作模式下打开冲击线采样器。 通过测量冲击线输出并在反向偏置模式下提供反馈，可以动态调整偏置电压，以显着提高基于NLTL的采样器的性能。 在存在强正偏压的情况下，输入LO及其谐波经历大的欧姆损耗，从而防止在冲击线中形成门控脉冲。 欧姆损耗可实现LO采样通道之间的强大隔离，并将提高VNA测试端口的光谱纯度。

公开(公告)号：US07746052B2

公开(公告)日：2010-06-29

申请号：US11873169

申请日：2007-10-16

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： G01R23/00

CPC分类号： G01R23/16

摘要： A spectrum analyzer is provided with frequency-scalable circuit architectures that extend the bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer using an array of couplers. The array of couplers is distributed along the RF signal path at one end, and interfaced to one or more frequency-translation devices such as mixers or samplers at the other. In a first architecture, a single mixer is employed with an LO signal applied to one input and coupler outputs providing RF signals to another input, with switching controlled to select one coupler's RF output to provide to the mixer. In a second architecture, a separate mixer is used, one for each coupler RF signal, with switches selecting one of the mixer IF outputs to select a desired output frequency. Both the first and second embodiments eliminate switching and its associated loss and frequency limitations from the main RF signal path to enable wideband high-dynamic-range spectrum analysis.

摘要翻译： 频谱分析仪具有频率可升级的电路架构，可使用耦合器阵列扩展频谱分析仪的带宽。 耦合器阵列在一端沿着RF信号路径分布，并且在另一端与一个或多个频率转换装置（例如混频器或采样器）相连。 在第一架构中，使用单个混频器，其中LO信号施加到一个输入端，耦合器输出向另一个输入端提供RF信号，开关控制选择一个耦合器的RF输出以提供给混频器。 在第二架构中，使用单独的混频器，一个用于每个耦合器RF信号，开关选择混频器IF输出之一以选择期望的输出频率。 第一和第二实施例都从主RF信号路径消除了切换及其相关联的损耗和频率限制，以实现宽带高动态范围频谱分析。

公开(公告)号：US07705582B2

公开(公告)日：2010-04-27

申请号：US11735879

申请日：2007-04-16

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： G01R23/04 ,  G01R25/02 ,  G01N25/00 ,  G01J5/00

CPC分类号： G01K17/00 ,  G01J5/12 ,  G01K17/006 ,  G01R21/04

摘要： A power sensor includes a substrate, an aperture within the substrate, a membrane formed over at least a portion of the substrate and extending over the aperture, and an electro-thermal transducer partially supported by the insulating membrane. The electro-thermal transducer includes an impedance matched, bifurcated load supported over the aperture by the insulating membrane, and a thermopile extending over the aperture and supported by the insulating membrane, the thermopile being adapted to generate a voltage in response to heat generated in the impedance matched, bifurcated load. A signal conductor is electrically connected with one end of the impedance matched, bifurcated load to guide electromagnetic signals to the load, and a conductive under-layer stratified from the signal conductor by an intermediary dielectric is connected with an opposite end of the impedance matched, bifurcated load to act as a ground plane.

摘要翻译： 功率传感器包括衬底，衬底内的孔，形成在衬底的至少一部分上并在孔上方延伸的膜以及由绝缘膜部分支撑的电热换能器。 电热换能器包括由绝缘膜支撑在孔上的阻抗匹配的分叉载荷，以及在孔上延伸并由绝缘膜支撑的热电堆，热电堆适于响应于在 阻抗匹配，分叉负载。 信号导体与阻抗匹配的分叉负载的一端电连接以将电磁信号引导到负载，并且通过中间介质从信号导体分层的导电下层与阻抗匹配的相对端连接， 分叉负载作为地平面。

公开(公告)号：US20100330944A1

公开(公告)日：2010-12-30

申请号：US12495280

申请日：2009-06-30

申请人： Jon Martens ,  Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Jon Martens ,  Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： H04B7/00

CPC分类号： G01R27/32

摘要： Shockline-based samplers of a vector-network analyzer (VNA) have enhanced dynamic range by using a dynamic bias network applied to the non-linear transmission lines (NLTLs) or shocklines. The bias voltage applied to the NLTL provides direct control over the falling-edge shockline compression, and thus the insertion loss and overall RF bandwidth of the sampler. Alternating between a forward bias voltage to turn off a shockline sampler when it is not needed and thereby reducing spurious generation and improving isolation can be alternatively applied with a reverse bias voltage to turn on the shockline sampler in a normal operation mode. By measuring the shockline output and providing feedback in the reverse-bias mode, the bias voltage can be dynamically adjusted to significantly increase the performance of the NLTL based sampler. In the presence of a strong positive bias voltage, the incoming LO and its harmonics experience large ohmic losses thus preventing gating pulses from forming in the shockline. The ohmic losses enable strong isolation between the LO sampling channels and will increase spectral purity at the VNA test ports.

摘要翻译： 矢量网络分析仪（VNA）的基于Shockline的采样器通过使用应用于非线性传输线（NLTL）或冲击线的动态偏置网络来增强动态范围。 施加到NLTL的偏置电压可以直接控制下降沿冲击线压缩，从而提供采样器的插入损耗和总体RF带宽。 在不需要冲击线采样器的正向偏置电压之间进行交替，从而减少杂散产生和改善隔离，可替代地以反向偏置电压施加以在正常操作模式下打开冲击线采样器。 通过测量冲击线输出并在反向偏置模式下提供反馈，可以动态调整偏置电压，以显着提高基于NLTL的采样器的性能。 在存在强正偏压的情况下，输入LO及其谐波经历大的欧姆损耗，从而防止在冲击线中形成门控脉冲。 欧姆损耗可实现LO采样通道之间的强大隔离，并将提高VNA测试端口的光谱纯度。

公开(公告)号：US07764141B2

公开(公告)日：2010-07-27

申请号：US11860396

申请日：2007-09-24

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： H03K5/06

CPC分类号： H03K5/12 ,  H01P3/003

摘要： A non-linear waveguide comprises a transmission line including a first conductive line and a second conductive line; a first bias voltage supply connected with the transmission line; and one or more pairs of diodes connected between the first conductive line and the second conductive line, the one or more pairs of diodes including: a first diode having an anode connected with the first conductive line and a cathode connected with the second conductive line; a second diode having a cathode connected with the first conductive line and an anode connected with the second conductive line; and a second bias voltage supply connected between the anode of the second diode and the second conductive line.

摘要翻译： 非线性波导包括：传输线，包括第一导线和第二导线; 与传输线连接的第一偏压电源; 以及连接在所述第一导线与所述第二导线之间的一对或多对二极管，所述一对或多对二极管包括：具有与所述第一导线连接的阳极的第一二极管和与所述第二导线连接的阴极; 第二二极管，具有与第一导线连接的阴极和与第二导线连接的阳极; 以及连接在第二二极管的阳极和第二导线之间的第二偏压电源。

公开(公告)号：US20080246551A1

公开(公告)日：2008-10-09

申请号：US11860396

申请日：2007-09-24

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： H03K5/12

CPC分类号： H03K5/12 ,  H01P3/003

摘要： A non-linear waveguide comprises a transmission line including a first conductive line and a second conductive line; a first bias voltage supply connected with the transmission line; and one or more pairs of diodes connected between the first conductive line and the second conductive line, the one or more pairs of diodes including: a first diode having an anode connected with the first conductive line and a cathode connected with the second conductive line; a second diode having a cathode connected with the first conductive line and an anode connected with the second conductive line; and a second bias voltage supply connected between the anode of the second diode and the second conductive line.

摘要翻译： 非线性波导包括：传输线，包括第一导线和第二导线; 与传输线连接的第一偏压电源; 以及连接在所述第一导线与所述第二导线之间的一对或多对二极管，所述一对或多对二极管包括：具有与所述第一导线连接的阳极的第一二极管和与所述第二导线连接的阴极; 第二二极管，具有与第一导线连接的阴极和与第二导线连接的阳极; 以及连接在第二二极管的阳极和第二导线之间的第二偏压电源。

公开(公告)号：US20090234603A1

公开(公告)日：2009-09-17

申请号：US12050015

申请日：2008-03-17

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： G01R13/00

CPC分类号： G01R19/2506

摘要： An electrical measurement instrument comprises an electrical measurement component, a computer to receive measurement data from the electrical measurement component, a central processing unit, one or more graphical processing units, a graphical processing unit programming interface to control the one or more graphical processing units, and a graphical processing unit-based mathematical library accessible to the graphical processing unit programming interface. The one or more graphical processing units perform processing of at least a portion of the measurement data.

摘要翻译： 电测量仪器包括电测量部件，用于从电测量部件接收测量数据的计算机，中央处理单元，一个或多个图形处理单元，用于控制一个或多个图形处理单元的图形处理单元编程接口， 以及基于图形处理单元的数学库，可用于图形处理单元编程接口。 一个或多个图形处理单元执行至少一部分测量数据的处理。

公开(公告)号：US20090199141A1

公开(公告)日：2009-08-06

申请号：US12026732

申请日：2008-02-06

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： G01R31/28 ,  G06F17/50

CPC分类号： G06F17/5045 ,  G01R31/2836 ,  Y10T29/49004

摘要： A system for fabricating, testing, and modifying a prototype of an electrical circuit comprises a materials printer including a holder for positioning a substrate. The materials printer is adapted to receive information describing the prototype and is further adapted to fabricate the prototype on the substrate based on the information. An electrical measuring instrument associated with the holder is adapted to be placed in electrical communication with the prototype when the prototype is received by the holder. A display device receives a plurality of measurements of the prototype from the electrical measuring instrument.

摘要翻译： 用于制造，测试和修改电路原型的系统包括材料打印机，其包括用于定位基板的保持器。 材料打印机适于接收描述原型的信息，并且还适于基于该信息在基板上制造原型。 当保持器接收到原型时，与保持器相关联的电测量仪器适于与原型电连接。 显示装置从电气测量仪器接收原型的多个测量值。

公开(公告)号：US07002517B2

公开(公告)日：2006-02-21

申请号：US10600293

申请日：2003-06-20

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim

IPC分类号： H01Q1/38

CPC分类号： H01Q13/20 ,  H01Q1/38 ,  H01Q13/206 ,  H01Q23/00

摘要： A fixed frequency continuously beam-steerable leaky-wave antenna in microstrip is disclosed. The antenna's radiating strips are loaded with identical shunt-mounted variable-reactance elements, resulting in low reverse-bias-voltage requirements. By varying the reverse-bias voltage across the variable-reactance elements, the main beam of the antenna may be scanned continuously at fixed frequency. The antenna may consist of an array of radiating strips, wherein each strip includes a variable-reactance element. Changing the element's reactance value has a similar effect as changing the length of the radiating strips. This is accompanied by a change in the phase velocity of the electromagnetic wave traveling along the antenna, and results in continuous fixed-frequency main-beam steering. Alternatively, the antenna may consist of two long radiating strips separated by a small gap, wherein identical variable-reactance elements are mounted in shunt across the gap at regular intervals. A continuous change in the reactance value has a similar effect as changing continuously the width of the radiating strips. This results in a continuous change in the phase velocity of the electromagnetic wave traveling along the antenna, thereby achieving continuous fixed-frequency main-beam steering.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种固定频率连续光束可控的微波天线。 天线的辐射条带有相同的分流安装的可变电抗元件，导致低的反偏压要求。 通过改变跨越可变电抗元件的反向偏置电压，可以固定频率连续扫描天线的主波束。 天线可以由辐射条的阵列组成，其中每条包括可变电抗元件。 改变元件的电抗值具有与改变辐射条的长度相似的效果。 这伴随着沿着天线传播的电磁波的相速度的变化，并且导致连续的固定频率主波束转向。 或者，天线可以由两个由小间隙分开的长辐射条组成，其中相同的可变电抗元件以规则的间隔安装在跨越间隙的分流中。 电抗值的连续变化具有与连续地改变辐射带的宽度相似的效果。 这导致沿着天线行进的电磁波的相速度的连续变化，从而实现连续的固定频率主波束转向。

公开(公告)号：US08417189B2

公开(公告)日：2013-04-09

申请号：US12813337

申请日：2010-06-10

申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim ,  Jon S. Martens

发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim ,  Jon S. Martens

IPC分类号： H04B17/00 ,  G01R19/00

CPC分类号： G01R31/2841 ,  G01R27/32

摘要： A high-frequency VNA system is provided using non-linear transmission line (NLTL or shockline) based samplers configured to provide scalable operation characteristics. Scaling to adjust noise performance vs. frequency is accomplished as follows: (1) increasing or decreasing the fall time of a shockline's output voltage waveform. This is accomplished by changing the number of Schottky varactors in a shockline, as well as changing the shockline's Bragg cutoff frequency by setting the spacing between Schottky varactors; (2) changing the structure of the pulse-forming network connected with the sampler by changing the length of the differentiator arms in the sampler pulse-forming network; and (3) changing the LO signal frequency applied to the shockline. Multiple NLTL based samplers are multiplexed to form a broadband reflectometer with the multiplexing circuitry selectively connecting one of the NLTL based sampler segments at a time to allow user selection of a desired performance vs. frequency response for each segment.

摘要翻译： 使用基于非线性传输线（NLTL或冲击线）的采样器提供高频VNA系统，其被配置为提供可扩展的操作特性。 调整噪声性能与频率的比例可达到以下几点：（1）增加或减少冲击线输出电压波形的下降时间。 这是通过改变冲击线中肖特基变容二极管的数量，以及通过设置肖特基变容二极管之间的间距来改变冲击线的布拉格截止频率来实现的。 （2）通过改变采样器脉冲形成网络中的微分器臂的长度来改变与取样器连接的脉冲形成网络的结构; 和（3）改变施加到冲击线的LO信号频率。 多个基于NLTL的采样器被多路复用以形成宽带反射计，多路复用电路一次有选择地连接一个基于NLTL的采样器段，以允许用户选择每个段的期望性能与频率响应。