公开(公告)号：US06308571B1

公开(公告)日：2001-10-30

申请号：US09388192

申请日：1999-09-01

申请人： Mark A. Stanish ,  Stan L. Floyd ,  Steven M. Cramer

发明人： Mark A. Stanish ,  Stan L. Floyd ,  Steven M. Cramer

IPC分类号： G01N2918

CPC分类号： G01N29/4418 ,  G01N29/07 ,  G01N33/46 ,  G01N2291/011 ,  G01N2291/0238 ,  G01N2291/02827 ,  G01N2291/048 ,  Y10T83/145 ,  Y10T83/527 ,  Y10T83/533 ,  Y10T83/543

摘要： A method for determining crook potential of wood is described. One embodiment comprises nondestructively obtaining lengthwise shrinkage rates (from a third party or by direct measurement) of wood and then determining crook potential of the wood based on the lengthwise shrinkage rates. Where the wood comprises lumber, lengthwise shrinkage rate measurements typically are made on at least one major planar surface of the lumber. The method typically comprises determining lengthwise shrinkage rates two or more measuring points separated by a predetermined distance, such as at substantially one-foot intervals along the lumber. Particular embodiments of the present invention determine lengthwise shrinkage rates using infrared radiation, microwave radiation, electricity, ultrasound energy, and combinations thereof Working embodiments of the method use ultrasound energy to determine lengthwise shrinkage rates. For example, one working embodiment measures the speed of an ultrasound pulse through wood to determine the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the wood which can then be correlated to the lengthwise shrinkage rate. In another example, lengthwise shrinkage rate can be determined from the speed of an ultrasound pulse using an empirically derived formula, such as an exponential formula. Another embodiment of the present invention comprises determining crook potential of wood based on non-averaged lengthwise shrinkage rates. Another embodiment of the present invention comprises determining crook potential is determined using a finite element model (FEM). The method the present invention provides can determine crook potential that correlates with actual measured crook with an R2 value of at least 0.5.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于确定木材的弯曲电位的方法。 一个实施例包括非破坏性地获得木材的纵向收缩率（来自第三方或通过直接测量），然后基于纵向收缩率确定木材的弯曲电位。 在木材包括木材的情况下，纵向收缩率测量通常在木材的至少一个主平面上进行。 该方法通常包括确定纵向收缩率两个或更多个测量点彼此分开预定距离，例如沿木材基本上一英尺的间隔。 本发明的具体实施方案使用红外辐射，微波辐射，电，超声能量及其组合确定纵向收缩率。该方法的工作实施例使用超声能量来确定纵向收缩率。 例如，一个工作实施例测量通过木材的超声脉冲的速度以确定木材的弹性模量（MOE），然后可以将其与纵向收缩率相关联。 在另一个实例中，纵向收缩率可以使用经验导出的公式例如指数公式从超声脉冲的速度确定。 本发明的另一个实施例包括基于非平均纵向收缩率确定木材的弯曲电位。 本发明的另一个实施例包括使用有限元模型（FEM）来确定弯曲电位。 本发明提供的方法可以确定与实际测量的弯曲相关的弯曲电位，R2值至少为0.5。

公开(公告)号：US06293152B1

公开(公告)日：2001-09-25

申请号：US09389676

申请日：1999-09-02

申请人： Mark A. Stanish ,  Stan L. Floyd ,  Steven M. Cramer

发明人： Mark A. Stanish ,  Stan L. Floyd ,  Steven M. Cramer

IPC分类号： G01N3346

CPC分类号： G01N29/4418 ,  G01N29/07 ,  G01N29/42 ,  G01N33/46 ,  G01N2291/011 ,  G01N2291/0238 ,  G01N2291/048 ,  Y10T83/141 ,  Y10T83/145 ,  Y10T83/527 ,  Y10T83/533

摘要： A method for determining twist potential of wood is described. One embodiment of the method comprises nondestructively obtaining a grain angle of wood, such as trees or lumber, and then determining twist potential of the wood based on the grain angle. Where the wood comprises lumber, grain angle determinations typically are made on at least one major surface of the lumber. The method typically comprises determining grain angle at at least two measuring locations separated by a predetermined distance, such as at substantially one-foot intervals along the board. The method also can further comprise obtaining at least one fiber dive angle. Particular embodiments of the present invention determine grain angle using infrared radiation, microwave radiation, light energy (such as by using a laser), electricity, ultrasound energy, and combinations thereof. Working embodiments of the method used light energy and ultrasound energy to determine grain angle. For example, a first transmission speed of an ultrasound pulse through the board was determined along a first path and along a second path. Grain angle was then determined by comparing the first and second transmission speeds. Plural grain angles also can be determined using this ultrasound method. Twist potential can be correlated to empirically determined twist angle. The method of the present invention provides can determine twist potential that correlates with empirically determined twist potential with an R2 value of at least 0.50.

摘要翻译： 描述了确定木材扭转电位的方法。 该方法的一个实施例包括非破坏性地获得木材（例如树木或木材）的晶粒角度，然后基于晶粒角度确定木材的扭转电位。 在木材包括木材的情况下，通常在木材的至少一个主表面上进行晶粒角度测定。 该方法通常包括在至少两个测量位置处确定分隔一预定距离的晶粒角度，例如沿板的基本上一英尺的间隔。 该方法还可以进一步包括获得至少一个纤维潜水角。 本发明的具体实施例使用红外辐射，微波辐射，光能（例如通过使用激光），电力，超声能量及其组合来确定晶粒角度。 该方法的工作实施例使用光能和超声能量来确定晶粒角度。 例如，沿着第一路径和第二路径确定通过板的超声脉冲的第一传输速度。 然后通过比较第一和第二传输速度来确定晶粒角度。 也可以使用该超声波方法来确定多个晶粒角度。 扭转电位可以与经验确定的扭转角度相关。 本发明的方法可以确定与经验确定的扭转电位相关的扭转电位，R2值至少为0.50。

公开(公告)号：US06305224B1

公开(公告)日：2001-10-23

申请号：US09389276

申请日：1999-09-02

申请人： Mark A. Stanish ,  Stan L. Floyd ,  Steven M. Cramer

发明人： Mark A. Stanish ,  Stan L. Floyd ,  Steven M. Cramer

IPC分类号： G01N2918

CPC分类号： G01N29/4472 ,  G01N29/07 ,  G01N29/42 ,  G01N29/4418 ,  G01N33/46 ,  G01N2291/011 ,  G01N2291/0238 ,  G01N2291/02827 ,  G01N2291/048 ,  G01N2291/265 ,  G01N2291/2698 ,  Y10T83/145 ,  Y10T83/527 ,  Y10T83/533 ,  Y10T83/541 ,  Y10T83/543

摘要： A method for determining warp potential of wood. One embodiment comprises nondestructively obtaining lengthwise shrinkage rates and grain angles of wood—such as trees, logs, or lumber—then determining warp potential of the wood based on the lengthwise shrinkage rates and grain angles. The method typically comprises measuring plural lengthwise shrinkage rates and plural grain angles to determine warp potential. Where the wood comprises lumber, lengthwise shrinkage rate and grain angle measurements typically are made on at least one major planar surface of the lumber at at least two measuring points separated by a predetermined distance, such as at substantially one-foot intervals along the lumber. Particular embodiments of the present invention determine lengthwise shrinkage rates using electromagnetic energy, acoustic energy, and combinations thereof. Working embodiments of the method use ultrasound energy to determine lengthwise shrinkage rates and grain angles. Another embodiment of the present invention comprises providing a piece of wood having at least one major planar surface, positioning the piece of wood adjacent to a device for imparting energy through the piece of wood to determine at least one lengthwise shrinkage rate and at least one grain angle. Embodiments of the present invention are automated and can be adapted to industrial processes for commercial production of lumber or for forest management practices. Warp potential can be determined using a finite element model (FEM).

摘要翻译： 确定木材翘曲电位的方法。 一个实施例包括非破坏性地获得木材的纵向收缩率和晶粒角度，例如树木，木材或木材，然后基于纵向收缩率和晶粒角度确定木材的翘曲电位。 该方法通常包括测量多个纵向收缩率和多个晶粒角度以确定翘曲电位。 在木材包括木材的情况下，纵向收缩率和晶粒角度测量通常在至少两个测量点处在木材的至少一个主平面上进行分隔，所述至少两个测量点以预定距离隔开，例如沿着木材基本上为一英尺的间隔。 本发明的具体实施方案使用电磁能量，声能及其组合确定纵向收缩率。 该方法的工作实施例使用超声能量来确定纵向收缩率和晶粒角度。 本发明的另一个实施例包括提供一块具有至少一个主要平面表面的木材，将该木块邻近装置定位，以通过该木片赋予能量以确定至少一个纵向收缩率和至少一个谷粒 角度。 本发明的实施例是自动化的，并且可以适用于用于商业生产木材或森林管理实践的工业过程。 翘曲电位可以使用有限元模型（FEM）来确定。

公开(公告)号：US5505950A

公开(公告)日：1996-04-09

申请号：US754978

申请日：1991-09-04

申请人： Stan L. Floyd ,  Herbert D. Muise ,  Mark A. Stanish

发明人： Stan L. Floyd ,  Herbert D. Muise ,  Mark A. Stanish

IPC分类号： A23L3/015 ,  A23L3/3409 ,  A23L3/3418 ,  A23L3/36 ,  B65B25/04 ,  B65D81/18 ,  B65D81/20 ,  B65D85/34 ,  A23B7/148

CPC分类号： A23L3/0155 ,  A23L3/3409 ,  A23L3/3418 ,  A23L3/364 ,  B65B25/041 ,  B65D81/18 ,  B65D81/2084 ,  B65D85/34

摘要： An improved method is described for use in packaging a wide variety of products, and in particular perishable food and horticultural products. The products are placed within a container of the type which establishes a modified atmosphere environment therein and is cooled, as by heat transfer to a cooling element, which may involve the evaporation of liquid from a cooling collar partially surrounding the container. The container and cooling collar may be subjected to vacuum cooling. The container may include a mechanism to enhance the bulk gas transfer rate during the application of the vacuum while still maintaining the desired atmosphere within the container. The container atmosphere may be precharged with gas of a desired composition. In addition, fumigants may also be included therein. The package is suitable for field packing applications in which the product, such as strawberries, is picked directly into the container surrounded by the cooling collar with the container and cooling collars being placed in an outer box or other receptacle. The modified atmosphere package may be sealed and palletized prior to vacuum cooling.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于包装各种各样的产品，特别是易腐食品和园艺产品的改进方法。 将产品放置在其中形成改性气氛环境的类型的容器中，并通过向冷却元件的传热进行冷却，这可能涉及从部分围绕容器的冷却套管蒸发液体。 容器和冷却套环可以进行真空冷却。 容器可以包括在真空施加期间增强主体气体传递速率同时仍然保持容器内的期望气氛的机构。 容器气氛可以用所需组成的气体预充电。 此外，也可以包括熏蒸剂。 该包装适用于现场包装应用，其中将诸如草莓的产品直接从容器中被冷却套环包围的容器中，并将冷却套环放置在外箱或其它容器中。 改性气氛包装可以在真空冷却之前被密封和堆垛。

公开(公告)号：US5290580A

公开(公告)日：1994-03-01

申请号：US843471

申请日：1992-02-27

申请人： Stan L. Floyd ,  Herbert D. Muise ,  Mark A. Stanish

发明人： Stan L. Floyd ,  Herbert D. Muise ,  Mark A. Stanish

IPC分类号： A23L3/015 ,  A23L3/3409 ,  A23L3/3418 ,  A23L3/36 ,  B65B25/04 ,  B65D81/18 ,  B65D81/20 ,  B65D85/34 ,  A23B4/100

CPC分类号： B65D81/18 ,  A23L3/0155 ,  A23L3/3409 ,  A23L3/3418 ,  A23L3/364 ,  B65B25/041 ,  B65D81/2084 ,  B65D85/34

摘要： Products are placed in proximity to a liquid holding cooling element containing a volatile liquid and are subjected to a vacuum. The evaporation of the liquid from the cooling element enhances cooling while reducing the evaporation of liquid from the product.

摘要翻译： 将产品放置在含有挥发性液体的液体保持冷却元件附近并经受真空。 来自冷却元件的液体的蒸发增强了冷却，同时减少了液体从产品中的蒸发。

公开(公告)号：US5458899A

公开(公告)日：1995-10-17

申请号：US577990

申请日：1990-09-05

申请人： Stan L. Floyd ,  Herbert D. Muise ,  Mark A. Stanish

发明人： Stan L. Floyd ,  Herbert D. Muise ,  Mark A. Stanish

IPC分类号： A23L3/015 ,  A23L3/3409 ,  A23L3/3418 ,  A23L3/36 ,  B65B25/04 ,  B65D81/18 ,  B65D81/20 ,  B65D85/34 ,  A23B7/148

CPC分类号： B65D81/18 ,  A23L3/0155 ,  A23L3/3409 ,  A23L3/3418 ,  A23L3/364 ,  B65B25/041 ,  B65D81/2084 ,  B65D85/34

摘要： An improved method is described for use in packaging a wide variety of products, and in particular perishable food and horticultural products. The products are placed within a container of the type which establishes a modified atmosphere environment therein and is cooled, as by evaporation of liquid from a cooling collar partially surrounding the container. The container and cooling collar may be subjected to vacuum cooling. The container may include a mechanism to enhance the bulk gas transfer rate during the application of the vacuum while still maintaining the desired atmosphere within the container. The container atmosphere may be precharged with gas of a desired composition. In addition, fumigants may also be included therein. The package is suitable for field packing applications in which the product, such as strawberries, is picked directly into the container surrounded by the cooling collar with the container and cooling collars being placed in an outer box or other receptacle. The modified atmosphere package may be sealed and palletized prior to vacuum cooling.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于包装各种各样的产品，特别是易腐食品和园艺产品的改进方法。 将产品放置在其中形成改性气氛环境的类型的容器中，并且通过液体从部分围绕容器的冷却套管蒸发而被冷却。 容器和冷却套环可以进行真空冷却。 容器可以包括在真空施加期间增强主体气体传递速率同时仍然保持容器内的期望气氛的机构。 容器气氛可以用所需组成的气体预充电。 此外，也可以包括熏蒸剂。 该包装适用于现场包装应用，其中将诸如草莓的产品直接从容器中被冷却套环包围的容器中，并将冷却套环放置在外箱或其它容器中。 改性气氛包装可以在真空冷却之前被密封和堆垛。