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公开(公告)号：US07126810B1
公开(公告)日：2006-10-24
申请号：US10875458
申请日：2004-06-24
IPC分类号： H01G4/38
摘要： This invention describes a means by which performance characteristics of capacitors can be improved. This is achieved by reducing the temperature, preferably but not exclusively to cryogenic temperatures below 100 K. This is based on the observation that the dielectric strength, dielectric losses and plate losses in many capacitors, such as film capacitors, improve as the temperature is decreased. A cryogenic capacitor bank is also described, which exhibits energy densities up to four times those of conventional, room-temperature capacitor banks. Cryogenic capacitors can be combined with cryogenically operated semiconductors or with superconductors in such a way as to reduce the size, weight, and losses of a complete system.
摘要翻译： 本发明描述了可以提高电容器的性能特性的方法。 这通过将温度降低，优选但不限于低于100K的低温来实现。这是基于以下观察结果：许多电容器（例如薄膜电容器）中的介电强度，介电损耗和板损耗随温度降低而改善 。 还描述了一种低温电容器组，其表现出高达常规室温电容器组的四倍的能量密度。 低温电容器可以与低温操作的半导体或超导体组合，以减小整个系统的尺寸，重量和损耗。
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公开(公告)号：US08423103B2
公开(公告)日：2013-04-16
申请号：US13180695
申请日：2011-07-12
IPC分类号： H01L39/00
CPC分类号： H05K7/20709
摘要： An energy efficient data center incorporating superconducting power transmission cables coupled with cryogenically cooled semiconductor inverters and converters, used to supply power to cryogenically operated or room-temperature computers and servers. Other options and features include a lighting system whose performance is enhanced by the cold temperatures, fiber optic connections operated at cryogenic temperatures, integrated renewable energy power sources, advanced energy storage technologies, cryogenically operated computers, and a number of other cryogenic hardware. The operating temperature of the cryogenic components can be anywhere in the range between 0 K and 200 K, with other components operating above 200 K.
摘要翻译： 一个节能型数据中心，结合了超低压输电线缆和低温冷却半导体逆变器和转换器，用于向低温运行或室温计算机和服务器供电。 其他选项和功能包括一个照明系统，其性能由低温升高，在低温下运行的光纤连接，集成的可再生能源，先进的储能技术，低温运算的计算机以及一些其他低温硬件。 低温组件的工作温度可以在0K和200K之间的范围内的任何地方，其他组件的工作温度高于200K。
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公开(公告)号：US07369377B1
公开(公告)日：2008-05-06
申请号：US11224184
申请日：2005-09-12
CPC分类号： H03K17/92 , H01L2924/0002 , H01L2924/00
摘要： Switching losses and conduction losses are isolated by networks which are partially cryogenic and partially at room temperature. Switching losses are independent of temperature. Advantageously the switching losses are taken in a snubber network at room temperature and conduction losses are incurred at cryogenic temperatures, where majority carrier devices like MOSFETs operate with ultra low on-state resistance and corresponding low conduction losses. Low loss leads carry current efficiently from the cryogenic environment to room temperature without adversely affecting refrigeration. Switch and snubber network may both operate cryogenically.
摘要翻译： 开关损耗和传导损耗由部分低温部分在室温的网络隔离。 开关损耗与温度无关。 有利地，开关损耗在室温下在缓冲网络中进行，并且在低温下产生传导损耗，其中诸如MOSFET的多数载流子器件以超低导通状态电阻和相应的低导通损耗工作。 低损耗引线可将电流从低温环境有效地运送到室温，而不会对制冷产生不利影响。 开关和缓冲网络都可以低温运行。
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公开(公告)号：US20130017955A1
公开(公告)日：2013-01-17
申请号：US13180695
申请日：2011-07-12
CPC分类号： H05K7/20709
摘要： An energy efficient data center incorporating superconducting power transmission cables coupled with cryogenically cooled semiconductor inverters and converters, used to supply power to cryogenically operated or room-temperature computers and servers. Other options and features include a lighting system whose performance is enhanced by the cold temperatures, fiber optic connections operated at cryogenic temperatures, integrated renewable energy power sources, advanced energy storage technologies, cryogenically operated computers, and a number of other cryogenic hardware. The operating temperature of the cryogenic components can be anywhere in the range between 0 K and 200 K, with other components operating above 200 K.
摘要翻译： 一个节能型数据中心，结合了超低压输电线缆和低温冷却半导体逆变器和转换器，用于向低温运行或室温计算机和服务器供电。 其他选项和功能包括一个照明系统，其性能由低温升高，在低温下运行的光纤连接，集成的可再生能源，先进的储能技术，低温运算的计算机以及一些其他低温硬件。 低温组件的工作温度可以在0K和200K之间的范围内的任何地方，其他组件的工作温度高于200K。
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公开(公告)号：US07619325B1
公开(公告)日：2009-11-17
申请号：US11224183
申请日：2005-09-12
IPC分类号： H01B7/30
摘要： An ultra compact ring topology puts the output terminals of solid state switches physically at the center of a circuit with the switches surrounded by voltage busses. The switches are symmetrically arranged around the output bus, the voltage busses are filtered (decoupled) to ground using symmetrically positioned filter components, and lead lengths to and from the switches are minimized. Switch driver circuits are closely integrated with each switch and positioned as close as possible, each to its associated switch, and arranged symmetrically. Switches may be at cryogenic temperatures and busses and lead connectors may be superconductive.
摘要翻译： 超紧凑的环形拓扑将固态开关的输出端子物理地置于电路中心，开关由电压总线包围。 这些开关对称地布置在输出总线周围，电压总线通过对称定位的滤波器组件被过滤（去耦合）到地，并且使来自开关的引线长度最小化。 开关驱动器电路与每个开关紧密集成，并且尽可能靠近并定位于其相关联的开关上，并对称地布置。 开关可能处于低温，母线和引线连接器可能是超导的。
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公开(公告)号：US07408764B1
公开(公告)日：2008-08-05
申请号：US11584369
申请日：2006-10-21
IPC分类号： H01G9/00
摘要： This invention describes a means by which performance characteristics of capacitors can be improved. This is achieved by reducing the temperature, preferably but not exclusively to cryogenic temperatures below 100 K. The dielectric strength, dielectric losses, equivalent series resistance, and plate losses in many capacitors, such as film capacitors, improve as the temperature is decreased. Current carrying capacity is improved. A capacitor bank exhibits energy densities up to four times those of conventional, room-temperature capacitor banks. Cryogenic capacitors can be combined with cryogenically operated semiconductors or with superconductors to reduce the size, weight, and losses of a complete system.
摘要翻译： 本发明描述了可以提高电容器的性能特性的方法。 这通过将温度降低，优选但不限于低于100K的低温温度来实现。许多电容器（例如薄膜电容器）中的介电强度，介电损耗，等效串联电阻和板损耗随温度降低而改善。 载流量得到改善。 电容器组的能量密度高达常规室温电容器组的四倍。 低温电容器可与低温操作的半导体或超导体组合，以减小整个系统的尺寸，重量和损耗。
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公开(公告)号：US07193336B1
公开(公告)日：2007-03-20
申请号：US10691767
申请日：2003-10-23
IPC分类号： H01H67/00
CPC分类号： H01H33/004 , F25D19/006 , H01H29/28 , H01H33/66 , H01R4/68 , Y10T307/747
摘要： A method and apparatus for reducing conductive thermal losses in high-current cryogenic power electronics systems needing large cables to interface between warm and cold environments. Thermal losses increase with increasing cross-sectional area. The total current at the warm/cold interface is split into many smaller currents by splitting the power buss into a plurality of parallel leads. Respective physical switches in each smaller lead at the interface interrupt current flow, and at the same time open the path for thermal conduction along the lead. When little or no current is flowing through the system, selected smaller leads of the power buss are physically opened by the associated switches to stop the thermal and electrical flow along these leads. Current diverts to another parallel lead in the buss but the cross section for heat flow is reduced at the interface.
摘要翻译： 一种用于降低大电流低温电力电子系统中的导热损耗的方法和装置，需要大电缆以在温暖和寒冷的环境之间进行接口。 热损失随横截面积的增加而增加。 通过将功率总线分成多个并联引线，在暖/冷接口处的总电流被分成许多更小的电流。 接口中每个较小引线中的各个物理开关中断电流，并同时打开沿导线进行热传导的路径。 当很少或没有电流流过系统时，电源总线的选定较小的引线由相关的开关物理打开，以阻止沿着这些引线的热和电流。 电流转向总线中的另一个并联引线，但在界面处减少了热流的横截面。
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公开(公告)号：US07816814B1
公开(公告)日：2010-10-19
申请号：US11894068
申请日：2007-08-20
IPC分类号： H01H9/00
CPC分类号： H03K17/92 , Y10T307/74
摘要： A bi-directional power converter for cryogenic operation based on a bi-directional cryo-MOSFET switch. Cryogenic power electronics lends itself easily to bi-directional topologies, and brings higher efficiencies, further reductions in switching speed, higher-frequency operation, reduction in size and weight of associated transformers and inductors, and reductions in overall size and weight. In addition, cryogenic power electronics operating around liquid nitrogen temperatures is easily integrated with superconducting motors, motor drives, and transformers, all of which can reduce size and weight of shipboard power systems, allowing for greater payload.
摘要翻译： 一种基于双向低温MOSFET开关的低温操作双向功率转换器。 低温电力电子设备可以轻松地适用于双向拓扑结构，并带来更高的效率，进一步降低开关速度，更高频率运行，减小相关变压器和电感器的尺寸和重量，以及减小总体尺寸和重量。 此外，围绕液氮温度工作的低温电力电子设备可以与超导电机，电机驱动器和变压器集成，所有这些都可以减少船上电力系统的尺寸和重量，从而允许更大的负载。
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公开(公告)号：US07391133B1
公开(公告)日：2008-06-24
申请号：US10670810
申请日：2003-09-25
IPC分类号： H01H33/59
CPC分类号： H03K17/102 , H03K17/04 , H03K17/122 , H03K17/92 , Y10T307/747 , Y10T307/76 , Y10T307/826 , Y10T307/865 , Y10T307/957 , Y10T307/977
摘要： An electrical switching topology for a hybrid switch provides extremely low losses in both cryogenic and non-cryogenic electronic systems. In this switch having switch modules connected in parallel, switching losses in a first module are separated from conduction losses in the parallel-connected second module. The conduction losses are then further reduced by cryogenically cooling the second module. Since the switching losses of the first module can be absorbed outside a cryogenic container, the switching losses do not add to the cryogenic heat load. In other applications, the switching module operates at lower temperatures to provide higher switching speeds and reduces switching heat generation.
摘要翻译： 用于混合开关的电开关拓扑在低温和非低温电子系统中提供极低的损耗。 在具有开关模块并联的开关中，第一模块中的开关损耗与并联的第二模块中的导通损耗分离。 然后通过低温冷却第二模块进一步降低传导损耗。 由于第一模块的开关损耗可以在低温容器外部被吸收，所以开关损耗不会增加到低温热负荷。 在其他应用中，开关模块在较低的温度下运行，以提供更高的开关速度并减少开关发热。
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10.发明授权公开(公告)号：US07091799B1
公开(公告)日：2006-08-15
申请号：US10744402
申请日：2003-12-22
CPC分类号： H02J3/02
摘要： Losses are reduced in electrical conductors and filters, especially those made with superconducting cables or inductors, which carry currents having both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) portions as in rectifier busses and power distribution systems. Superconducting cables and chokes are capable of passing direct current with practically zero losses, but they exhibit considerable AC losses. A low impedance AC bypass of the superconducting cables and chokes minimizes these losses.
摘要翻译： 在整流器总线和配电系统中，电导体和滤波器，特别是由超导电缆或电感器制造的电流减少，其中承载具有直流（DC）和交流（AC）部分的电流。 超导电缆和扼流圈能够以几乎零的损耗通过直流电，但它们表现出相当大的交流损耗。 超导电缆和扼流圈的低阻抗交流旁路使这些损耗最小化。
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