The invention discloses an aircraft component position and pose adjusting system based on three locators and a method thereof. The position and pose adjusting system comprises three three-coordinate locators, a spherical technical connector and an aircraft component to be adjusted; the three-coordinate locator comprises a bottom plate, and an X-direction motion mechanism, a Y-direction motion mechanism and a Z-direction motion mechanism which are arranged from the lower part and the upper part in sequence. The position and pose adjusting method comprises the following steps: firstly, a global coordinate system OXYZ is established, and the current position and pose and the target position and pose of the aircraft component to be adjusted are calculated; secondly, the path of the aircraft component to be adjusted from the current position and pose to the target position and pose is planed; thirdly, the tracks of motion mechanisms in all the directions are formed according to the path; and fourthly, the three locators are synergetically moved according to the tracks of motion mechanisms in all the directions, and the position adjusting is realized. The method has the following advantages: firstly, the supporting to the aircraft component to be adjusted can be realized; secondly, the automatic adjusting to position and pose of the aircraft component to be adjusted can be realized; and thirdly, the inch adjusting of position and pose of the aircraft component to be adjusted can be realized.