The invention relates to an anti-collision system of an active railway vehicle and an anti-collision method thereof. The system is implemented by a vehicle-mounted host, a driving device and a breaking device, and the vehicle-mounted host is used for controlling the operation of the driving device and the breaking device and emitting, processing and analyzing distance measurement signals; the breaking device is used for controlling the communication state of two ends of an axle of the railway vehicle; and the driving device is used for driving the running of the railway vehicle and realizing the acceleration, the deceleration, the braking and the start of the railway vehicle according to the command of the vehicle-mounted host. The relative railway distance of front and back rows of railway vehicles can be accurately measured by the system disclosed by the invention, anti-collision predication can be carried out, the driving parameters of the railway vehicle is adjusted, and an collision accident of the railway vehicle is effectively and actively avoided.