The invention discloses a method for extracting valuable elements from jarosite slag. The method specially includes the steps of pelletization, oxidation roasting desulfurization, direct reduction, smelting separation, ingot casting, electrolysis and the like. A special additive agent disclosed by the invention is adopted in the pelletization process, and the additive agent comprises an organic binder, an alkaline earth metal source, an alkaline metal source, carbonaceous fuel and iron oxide. By the adoption of the method, by means of extensive research and test certification, the additive agent is used so that pelletization can be enhanced, the roasting desulfurization and consolidation effect of pellets is improved, the strength of the roasted pellets is enhanced, the reducibility of the roasted pellets is improved, the reduction swelling rate of the pellets is lowered, the mobility of the slag is improved, desulfurization capacity of the slag is also improved, and the subsequent process is matched to achieve efficient separation and extraction of the various valuable elements like iron, gallium, zinc, indium and sulfur.