The invention belongs to the field of potato harvesters, and particularly relates to a soil cutting driving and soil compressing adjusting device for a potato harvester. The soil cutting driving and soil compressing adjusting device comprises a upper framework (1), a lower framework, two vertical plates (4), hydraulic cylinders (31), a hydraulic control system, sensors (34), digging devices (2), soil cutting driving units and soil compressing adjusting units. The digging devices (2) are symmetrically arranged on the inner sides of the two vertical plates (4); the soil cutting driving units comprise soil cutting adjusting devices, hydraulic motors (10) and supports (11); the soil compressing adjusting units comprise hanger frames (17), adjusting frames (18), connecting arms (19), soil compressing wheels (20) and second connecting plates (21). The soil cutting driving and soil compressing adjusting device has the advantages that good soil cutting and soil compressing effects can be realized, the soil cutting driving and soil compressing adjusting device is beneficial to improving the potato and soil separation efficiency and the harvesting quality, and the adaptability of the potato harvester to different land parcels can be improved.