摘要:
The invention relates to a proton conducting polymer membrane based on polyvinylsulphonic acid obtained by a method comprising the following steps: A) mixing a polymer with sulphonic acid containing vinyl, B) forming a flat structure by using the inventive mixture from step A) on a support, C) polymerisation of the vinylsulphonic acid present in the flat structure according to step B). The inventive membrane can be applied in a varied manner on account of the excellent chemical and thermal properties thereof and is particularly suitable for use as a polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) in PEM-fuel cells.
摘要:
A liquid vaporizer includes a stack of coaxially aligned, thermally conductive, thin, flat disks having different diameters. The larger diameter disks each include at least one aperture and preferably a plurality of closely spaced apertures radially located a predetermined distance from the center of the disk. The vaporizer further includes means for establishing a liquid film on at least a portion of the surfaces of the larger diameter disks and for accelerating the vaporization of the liquid thereon by passing a gas through the apertures of the larger diameter disks over the liquid film on the portion of the surfaces of the larger diameter disks.
摘要:
Bei der Trennung von Partikeln werden diese gemeinsam mit einem gasförmigen Trägermedium erhitzt. Dabei verdampfen Bestandteile dieser Partikel, werden in einem Kühler (21) abgekühlt und kondensieren aus. Eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens weist ein Gebläse (1) und eine Aufheizeinrichtung (7) auf. Es soll ein kontinuierliches Verfahren angegeben werden, welches grosstechnisch eingesetzt werden kann. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, dass die Partikel und das Trägermedium kontinuierlich und dosiert zu einem fluidisierten Gemenge vermischt werden. Dieses Gemenge wird in einem Wirbelbett einer Aufheizeinrichtung (7) auf eine vorgegebene Temperatur aufgeheizt, wobei eine aus einem hierbei gebildeten Dampf-Gas-Gemisch und in Partikelform verbleibenden Bestandteilen der Partikel bestehende Mischung entsteht. Nach dem Austreten der Mischung aus der Aufheizeinrichtung (7) werden die in Partikelform verbleibenden Bestandteile der Partikel abgeschieden und das Dampf-Gas-Gemisch wird in mindestens einem geschlossenen Kreislauf weitergeleitet.
摘要:
A mixture gas containing metallic vapor with oxidising gas produced by reducing of the oxide of the metal at high temperature is led, at a high enough temperature and a low enough pressure for the reverse oxidization reaction between them to not substantially take place, into a convergent-divergent nozzle, and squirts out from the nozzle, as cooled down rapidly by adiabatic expansion in the nozzle to a low enough temperature for the oxidization reaction between them to not substantially take place, to be led to the surface of a pool of molten retrieving metal, either directly or via deceleration. The retrieving pool metal may be the same kind as the metallic vapor to be retrieved, or may be different. When the metallicvaporto be retrieved is magnesium vapor, the retrieving metal of the different kind may be lead, bismuth, tin, antimony, or a mixture thereof.
摘要:
Phthalic anhydride is recovered from gases in a multiple heat-Pipe exchanger system, one or more heat exchangers (10) for condensing phthalic anhydride from gases containing vapors thereof and one or more heat exchangers (10) for simultaneously melting out the condensed phthalic anhydride solids, the exchangers (10) being switched in alternate cycles to melt out from the surfaces of the exchangertube (14) ends on which the phthalic anhydride solids were first accumulated, and to condense phthalic anhydride solids in the exchanger (10) or exchangers (10) from which the phthalic anhydride was removed by melting out, the cooling of opposite heat-pipe exchanger tube (14) ends to recover phthalic anhydride is economical and efficient with ambient air, either alone or with some warm recycle exchanger air to adjust the cooling temperature; and the heating to melt out accumulated phthalic anhydride is effective with hot gases, such as combustion gases, preferably by incineration a residual phthalic anhydride tail gas from which the phthalic anhydride was condensed, or other hot combustion gases, but other sources of heating the air or gases may be optionally substituted. Important advantage is present in superior heat exchange efficiency using the heat-pipe exchanger (10) for this service, in the ready switching from heating to cooling of such exchangers (10) for alternate operation in both condensing and melting out modes, in the elimination of intermediary heat transfer media and the separate auxiliary equipment required for the heating and cooling cycles, in the utilization of waste heat from combustion gases, and in the great economy for phthalic anhydride storage tank vent condensers through elimination of both cooling water and steam requirements.
摘要:
Condensable metal halide materials, such as but not limited to tungsten hexachloride and tungsten pentachloride can be used deposit films metal or metal containing films in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition process. Described herein are high purity tungsten hexachloride and tungsten pentachloride systems and methods to purify tungsten hexachloride and tungsten pentachloride raw materials. There is provided a purified tungsten hexachloride and tungsten pentachloride containing less than 10 ppm, preferably less than 5 ppm, more preferably less than 1 ppm, and most preferably less than 0.5 ppm of iron and/or molybdenum; and less than 10 ppm, preferably less than 5 ppm of all other trace metals combined including but not limited to aluminum, potassium and sodium.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for closing an electrical power supply circuit of an electric apparatus (A) located in a chamber (EV) at a controlled variable pressure, characterised in that the electrical power supply circuit comprises an open circuit located in an enclosure which is open to the pressure from the chamber (6) and defined between two electrically conductive terminals of the electrical power supply circuit, the method comprising: heating which provides energy to an element made of electrically conductive material (3) and located in the enclosure (6) which is open to the pressure from the chamber; subliming the element made of electrically conductive material once the element reaches a given temperature, if the pressure conditions in the chamber correspond to the conditions required for operating the electric apparatus in a vacuum; removing vapour particles resulting from the sublimation from the electrically conductive material, and forming a deposit of electrically conductive material between the two electrically conductive terminals, after the vapour particles have been removed.