Abstract:
The invention relates to novel polymers containg repeating units based on benzodithiophene or derivatives thereof, monomers and methods for their preparation, their use as semiconductors in organic electronic (OE) devices, especially in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, and to OE and OPV devices comprising these polymers.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to ellipsometer and polarimeter systems, and more particularly is an ellipsometer or polarimeter or the like system which operates in a frequency range between 300 GHz or lower and extending to higher than at least 1 Tera-hertz (THz), and preferably through the Infra-red (IR) range up to, and higher than 100 THz, including: a source such as a backward wave oscillator (BWO); a Smith-Purcell (SP) cell; a free electron laser (FE), or an FTIR source and a solid state device; and a detector such as a Golay cell (GC); a bolometer (BOL) or a solid state detector; and preferably including at least one odd-bounce polarization state image rotating system (OBIRS), and optionally including a polarizer (P), at least one compensator (C) and/or modulator (MOD), in addition to an analyzer (A).
Abstract:
A procedure for self-calibration of an optical polarimeter has been developed that eliminates the need for "known" input signals to be used. The self-calibration data is then taken by moving a polarization controller between several random and unknown states of polarization (SOPs) and recording the detector output values (D 0 , ..., D 3 ) for each state of polarization. These values are then used to create an "approximate" calibration matrix. In one exemplary embodiment, the SOP of the incoming signal is adjusted three times (by adjusting a separate polarization controller element, for example), creating a set of four detector output values for each of the four polarizations states of the incoming signal - an initial calibration matrix. The first row of this initial calibration matrix is then adjusted to fit the power measurements using a least squares fit. In the third and final step, the remaining elements of the calibration matrix are adjusted to a given constraint (for example, DOP=100% for all SOPs).
Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for concentration determination using polarized light. The apparatus includes a first polarized light source having a first light source polarization axis and a second polarized light source having a second light source polarization axis generally perpendicular to the first light source polarization axis. Also, a first polarized light receiver having a first polarized light receiver polarization axis and configured to measure an intensity of light transmitted from the first light receiver polarizer and a second polarized light receiver having a second polarized light receiver polarization axis substantially perpendicular to the first light receiver polarization axis and configured to measure an intensity of light transmitted from the second light receiver polarizer, wherein the first and second light receiver polarization axes are generally +/−45 degrees relative to the first and second light source polarization axes.