Abstract:
A flow battery includes a first nonaqueous liquid; a first electrode at least in part in contact with the first nonaqueous liquid; a second electrode that is a counter electrode with respect to the first electrode; and a separator that separates the first electrode and the second electrode from each other. The separator is made of an ion conductive polymer that has a crosslink structure containing an aromatic ring, the ion conductive polymer has an alkyl main chain that contains a plurality of acidic groups, and at least a subset of the plurality of the acidic groups forms salts with metal ions.
Abstract:
A liquid treatment method according to an aspect of the present disclosure comprises: starting application of a power between a pair of electrodes to generate plasma, which causes active species to be produced in a liquid; measuring the hydrogen ion concentration in the liquid while the plasma is generated; measuring a time elapsed after the starting the application of the power; and stopping the application of the power when a value calculated by (a) multiplying the hydrogen ion concentration by the elapsed time or (b) integrating the hydrogen ion concentration with respect to the elapsed time is larger than a first threshold.
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides a flow battery comprising a flexible lithium ion conductive film having durability against a highly reductive non-aqueous electrolyte liquid. The flow battery according to the present disclosure comprises a first non-aqueous electrolyte liquid, a first electrode, a second electrode, and a lithium ion conductive film. The first non-aqueous electrolyte liquid contains lithium ions and further biphenyl, phenanthrene, stilbene, triphenylene, anthracene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, fluoranthene, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, or p-terphenyl. The lithium ion conductive film comprises a composite body. The composite body contains a lithium ion conductive polymer and polyvinylidene fluoride. The lithium ion conductive polymer includes an aromatic ring into which a lithium salt of an acidic group has been introduced. The lithium ion conductive polymer and the polyvinylidene fluoride have been mixed with each other homogeneously in the composite body.
Abstract:
The flow battery according to the present disclosure comprises a first non-aqueous liquid, a first electrode in contact with the first non-aqueous liquid, a second electrode which serves as a counter electrode of the first electrode, and a lithium ion conductive film which separates the first electrode and the second electrode from each other. The lithium ion conductive film is formed of a polymer base material containing an ionic polymer. The polymer base material has an interspace which communicates with an outside thereof. The polymer base material is formed of at least one kind of resin selected from the group consisting of a thermosetting resin and a thermoplastic resin which has a melting point of not less than 150 degrees Celsius. The ionic polymer is contained in an inside of the interspace of the polymer base material. The ionic polymer is represented by where n1 and n2 are, each independently, natural numbers of not less than 1, or where m1, m2, n1, and n2 are, each independently, natural numbers of not less than 1. The flexible lithium ion conductive film having a low swelling property when in contact with a non-aqueous liquid.
Abstract:
A flow battery includes a first liquid containing a first nonaqueous solvent; a first electrode immersed in the first liquid; a second electrode which is a counter electrode to the first electrode; and a separator separating the first electrode from the second electrode. The separator includes a solid electrolyte containing: a metal compound and a nonionic polymer which includes a poly(alkylene oxide) and cross-linking points. At least one of alkylene oxide units forming the poly(alkylene oxide) is composed of a tetramethylene oxide unit.
Abstract:
A diffractive optical element includes a base having, on a surface, a first region with a diffraction grating and a second region located on an outer side of the first region, and an optical adjustment layer provided on the surface to be in contact with the first region and at least a part of the second region. A thin film portion having a film thickness smaller than a maximum film thickness of a portion of the optical adjustment layer in contact with the second region is provided in at least a part of the portion of the optical adjustment layer in contact with the second region.
Abstract:
A redox flow battery includes a first nonaqueous liquid that contains a first nonaqueous solvent, a first electrode mediator, and metal ions; a first electrode at least in part in contact with the first nonaqueous liquid; a second nonaqueous liquid that contains a second nonaqueous solvent; a second electrode that is a counter electrode with respect to the first electrode and is at least in part in contact with the second nonaqueous liquid; and a separator that has a plurality of pores and separates the first and second nonaqueous liquids from each other. The plurality of pores have an average diameter larger than a size of each of the metal ions and smaller than a size of an aggregate containing molecules of the first electrode mediator solvated with the first nonaqueous solvent.
Abstract:
A redox flow battery includes a first nonaqueous liquid that contains at least one first electrode mediator; a first electrode at least in part in contact with the first nonaqueous liquid; a second nonaqueous liquid; a second electrode that is a counter electrode with respect to the first electrode and is at least in part in contact with the second nonaqueous liquid; and a separator that has at least one pore and separates the first and second nonaqueous liquids from each other. The at least one pore has an inner surface modified with a functional group that contains a hydrocarbon group.