Abstract:
A programming method, a reading method and an operating system for a memory are provided. The programming method includes the following steps. A data is provided. A parity generation is performed to obtain an error-correcting code (ECC). The memory is programmed to record the data and the error-correcting code. The data is transformed before performing the parity generation, such that a hamming distance between two codes corresponding to two adjacent threshold voltage states in the data to be performed the parity generation is 1.