公开(公告)号：US06751365B2

公开(公告)日：2004-06-15

申请号：US10013643

申请日：2001-11-13

Applicant: Xiao-An Zhang ,  Zhang-Lin Zhou ,  R. Stanley Williams ,  Kent D. Vincent

Inventor： Xiao-An Zhang ,  Zhang-Lin Zhou ,  R. Stanley Williams ,  Kent D. Vincent

IPC: G02F1035

CPC classification number: G11C13/02 ,  B82Y10/00 ,  G02B26/026 ,  G02F1/15 ,  G02F1/174 ,  G11C13/0014 ,  G11C13/04 ,  G11C23/00 ,  G11C2213/14 ,  G11C2213/71 ,  G11C2213/77 ,  G11C2213/81 ,  H01L27/285 ,  H01L51/0071 ,  H01L51/0595

Abstract: A molecular system is provided for nanometer-scale reversible electronic and optical switches, specifically, electric field-activated molecular switches that have an electric field induced band gap change that occurs via a molecular conformation change or a tautomerization. Changing of extended conjugation via chemical bonding change to change the band gap is accomplished by providing the molecular system with one rotating portion (rotor) and two or more stationary portions (stators), between which the rotor is attached. The molecular system of the present invention has three branches (first, second, and third branches) with one end of each branch connected to a junction unit to form a “Y” configuration. The first and second branches are on one side of the junction unit and the third branch is on the opposite side of the junction unit. The first branch contains a first stator unit in its backbone, the junction unit comprises a second stator unit, and the first branch further contains a rotor unit in its backbone between the first stator unit and the second stator unit. The second branch includes an insulating supporting group in its backbone for providing a length of the second branch substantially equal to that of the first branch, wherein the rotor unit rotates between two states as a function of an externally-applied field.

Abstract translation: 为纳米尺度的可逆电子和光开关提供分子系统，特别是电场激活的分子开关，其具有通过分子构象变化或互变异构发生的电场诱导的带隙变化。 通过化学键合改变延伸共轭以改变带隙的改变通过为分子系统提供一个旋转部分（转子）和两个或更多个固定部分（定子）而实现，转子附接在该固定部分之间。 本发明的分子系统具有三个分支（第一，第二和第三分支），每个分支的一端连接到连接单元以形成“Y”构型。 第一和第二分支在接合单元的一侧，第三分支位于接合单元的相对侧。 第一分支包括其主干中的第一定子单元，接合单元包括第二定子单元，并且第一分支还包括位于第一定子单元和第二定子单元之间的主体中的转子单元。 第二分支包括其主干中的绝缘支撑组，用于提供基本上等于第一分支的第二分支的长度，其中转子单元作为外部施加的磁场的函数在两个状态之间旋转。

公开(公告)号：US06731532B2

公开(公告)日：2004-05-04

申请号：US10264812

申请日：2002-10-03

Applicant: Kent D. Vincent ,  Xiao-An Zhang ,  R. Stanley Williams

Inventor： Kent D. Vincent ,  Xiao-An Zhang ,  R. Stanley Williams

IPC: G11C1300

CPC classification number: G02F1/15 ,  C09K9/02 ,  G02B26/026 ,  G02F1/163 ,  Y10S977/724

Abstract: An electrochromic molecular colorant and a plurality of uses as an erasably writeable medium. Multitudinous types of substrates, such as paper, are adaptable for receiving a coating of the colorant. Electrical fringe field or through fields are used to transform targeted pixel molecules between a first, high color state and transparent state, providing information content having resolution and viewability at least equal to hard copy document print. The scope of the invention includes both the liquid coating and the combination of coating on substrate.

Abstract translation: 电致变色分子着色剂和作为可擦写的介质的多种用途。 多种类型的基材，例如纸，适于接收着色剂的涂层。 电气条纹场或通过场用于在第一，高色状态和透明状态之间转换目标像素分子，提供具有至少等于硬拷贝文档打印的分辨率和可见度的信息内容。 本发明的范围包括液体涂层和在基底上的涂层组合。

公开(公告)号：US06701035B2

公开(公告)日：2004-03-02

申请号：US10187720

申请日：2002-07-01

Applicant: Xiao-An Zhang ,  R. Stanley Williams ,  Kent D. Vincent

Inventor： Xiao-An Zhang ,  R. Stanley Williams ,  Kent D. Vincent

IPC: G02B626

CPC classification number: G11C13/0014 ,  B82Y10/00 ,  G02F1/15 ,  G02F1/17 ,  G02F1/174 ,  G11C13/02 ,  G11C13/04 ,  G11C23/00 ,  G11C2213/14 ,  G11C2213/71 ,  G11C2213/77 ,  G11C2213/81 ,  H01L51/0051 ,  H01L51/0058 ,  H01L51/0595

Abstract: A molecular system is provided for electric field activated switches, such as optical switches. The molecular system has an electric field induced band gap change that occurs via a molecular conformation change, based on a rotor/stator construction of the molecular system, involving a rotating portion (rotor) connected between two stationary portions (stators). Nanometer-scale reversible optical switches are thus provided that can be assembled easily to make a variety of optical devices, including optical displays.

公开(公告)号：US06567466B1

公开(公告)日：2003-05-20

申请号：US09250744

申请日：1999-02-16

Applicant: Sameer V. Ovalekar ,  Xiao-An Wang

Inventor： Sameer V. Ovalekar ,  Xiao-An Wang

IPC: H04B1700

CPC classification number: H04L25/0262 ,  H04B1/707 ,  H04B2201/70705

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for determining the data rate of a received signal in a communication system utilizing code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques. The well-known Viterbi decoding-based rate detection approach is combined with the conventional repetition pattern-based rate detection approach. The hybrid approach possesses the advantages of both prior approaches, without their disadvantages. The computationally efficient repetition pattern-based data rate detection approach, while not as reliable as the Viterbi decoder-based data rate detection approach, provides reliable data rate detection most of the time. The repetition-pattern data rate detection approach is used as long as a predefined reliability metric is satisfied, and only uses the more computationally intensive Viterbi decoder-based data rate detection approach when detection reliability may be compromised. Under the hybrid rate detection scheme, a decision variable based on repetition patterns is initially formed and a decision is made on the data rate if the decision variable is in a reliable region. Otherwise, the Viterbi decoding-based rate detection scheme is employed.

Abstract translation: 公开了一种用于在利用码分多址（CDMA）技术的通信系统中确定接收信号的数据速率的方法和装置。 众所周知的基于维特比解码的速率检测方法与传统的基于重复模式的速率检测方法相结合。 混合方法具有两种现有方法的优点，没有其缺点。 基于计算效率的基于重复模式的数据速率检测方法虽然不如基于维特比解码器的数据速率检测方法那样可靠，但大多数时间提供了可靠的数据速率检测。 只要满足预定的可靠性度量，就使用重复模式数据速率检测方法，并且当检测可靠性可能受到损害时，仅使用基于维特比解码器的数据速率检测方法。 在混合速率检测方案下，最初形成基于重复模式的决策变量，并且如果判决变量在可靠区域中，则决定数据速率。 否则，采用基于维特比解码的速率检测方案。

公开(公告)号：US06526531B1

公开(公告)日：2003-02-25

申请号：US09532637

申请日：2000-03-22

Applicant: Xiao-An Wang

Inventor： Xiao-An Wang

IPC: G06F1100

CPC classification number: H03M13/2975 ,  H03M13/09 ,  H03M13/2957

Abstract: An iterative decoder decodes a frame of encoded data that includes error detection information, and terminates the iterative decoding based on a comparison of the decoded frame with the error detection information. The iterative decoder may have a maximum number of specified iterations, but may terminate the number of iterations early under specified conditions. The encoded data includes error detection information for parity check calculation. Error detection information may be in accordance with an error detection code, such as a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code. After each iteration of decoding, a parity check is calculated for the decoded frame. Early termination of decoding may occur prior to an intermediate iteration threshold M of iterations when the parity check value of the decoded frame is equivalent to the parity check value calculated from the error detection information. Early termination of decoding after M iterations may also occur when a difference in decoding error between frames is either i) below a minimum error distance threshold or ii) no longer monotonically decreasing.

Abstract translation: 迭代解码器解码包括错误检测信息的编码数据帧，并且基于解码帧与错误检测信息的比较来终止迭代解码。 迭代解码器可以具有指定迭代的最大数量，但是可以在特定条件下提前终止迭代次数。 编码数据包括用于奇偶校验计算的错误检测信息。 错误检测信息可以与诸如循环冗余校验（CRC）码之类的错误检测码一致。 在解码的每次迭代之后，针对解码的帧计算奇偶校验。 当解码帧的奇偶校验值等于从错误检测信息计算出的奇偶校验值时，可以在迭代的中间迭代阈值M之前发生解码的提前终止。 当帧之间的解码错误的差异为i）低于最小误差距离阈值或者ii）不再单调递减时，也可能发生M次迭代之后的解码的提前终止。

公开(公告)号：US6002726A

公开(公告)日：1999-12-14

申请号：US975997

申请日：1997-11-21

Applicant: Sivanand Simanapalli ,  Xiao-An Wang

Inventor： Sivanand Simanapalli ,  Xiao-An Wang

IPC: H03D3/00 ,  H04L27/14 ,  H04L27/08 ,  G06F7/52

CPC classification number: H04L27/14 ,  H03D3/007

Abstract: A method of extracting an information bearing signal .omega.(n) from a base-band signal in the form of an inverse function with a digital signal processor. The processor includes memory and utilizes a minimum number of instructions stored in the memory. The base-band waveform comprises a plurality of complex-valued samples having respective I and Q components. The method includes the steps of receiving a first sample at an instant n having respective I(n) and Q(n) components and defining an interval for evaluating potential values for the I(n) and Q(n) components. Next, a step of transforming said I(n) and Q(n) components is performed to have respective threshold values residing in the predefined interval. Then, a step of estimating the transformed components with a series of non-inverted polynomial functions is carried out over the predefined interval. The method proceeds by extracting the information-bearing signal with the digital signal processor according to the instructions to evaluate the series of non-inverted polynomial functions.

Abstract translation: 一种从数字信号处理器的反函数形式的基带信号中提取信息承载信号ω（n）的方法。 处理器包括存储器并利用存储在存储器中的最少数目的指令。 基带波形包括具有相应I和Q分量的多个复值样本。 该方法包括以下步骤：在具有相应的I（n）和Q（n）分量的时刻n接收第一采样，并且定义用于评估I（n）和Q（n）分量的电位值的间隔。 接下来，执行变换所述I（n）和Q（n）分量的步骤以具有驻留在预定间隔中的相应阈值。 然后，在预定义的间隔内执行用一系列非反相多项式函数估计变换分量的步骤。 该方法通过根据指令提取具有数字信号处理器的信息承载信号来评估一系列非反相多项式函数。

公开(公告)号：US10454664B2

公开(公告)日：2019-10-22

申请号：US15869042

申请日：2018-01-12

Applicant: Xiao-an Wang

Inventor： Xiao-an Wang

IPC: H04L5/14 ,  H04W72/04 ,  H04W56/00 ,  H04L5/00 ,  H04B7/0452 ,  H04W88/08

Abstract: Multipoint broadcasting relying on channel reciprocity in a TDD network requires that the broadcasters be calibrated. In the cases where the relative amplitude profiles and nonlinear phases are time-invariant or slow-varying, broadcaster calibration reduces to phase synchronization. Methods and apparatus are described that provide broadcaster calibration and phase synchronization with terminal feedback and overcome the drawbacks of self-calibration. The methods and apparatus are capable of calibrating hundreds of broadcaster antennas in massive antenna applications while maintaining an extremely low overhead. Applications of the described methods and apparatus include multipoint broadcasting in wireless networks, also known as coordinated multipoint transmission, or CoMP, in LTE-A (long-term evolution, advanced) networks, and distributed MIMO, massive MIMO, massive beamforming, etc., in other networks including 5G and 802.11. Applications also include frequency and phase synchronization of a cluster of wireless devices.

公开(公告)号：US20190222406A1

公开(公告)日：2019-07-18

申请号：US15869042

申请日：2018-01-12

Applicant: Xiao-an Wang

Inventor： Xiao-an Wang

IPC: H04L5/14 ,  H04W72/04 ,  H04L5/00 ,  H04W56/00

Abstract: Multipoint broadcasting relying on channel reciprocity in a TDD network requires that the broadcasters be calibrated. In the cases where the relative amplitude profiles and nonlinear phases are time-invariant or slow-varying, broadcaster calibration reduces to phase synchronization. Methods and apparatus are described that provide broadcaster calibration and phase synchronization with terminal feedback and overcome the drawbacks of self-calibration. The methods and apparatus are capable of calibrating hundreds of broadcaster antennas in massive antenna applications while maintaining an extremely low overhead. Applications of the described methods and apparatus include multipoint broadcasting in wireless networks, also known as coordinated multipoint transmission, or CoMP, in LTE-A (long-term evolution, advanced) networks, and distributed MIMO, massive MIMO, massive beamforming, etc., in other networks including 5G and 802.11. Applications also include frequency and phase synchronization of a cluster of wireless devices.

公开(公告)号：US09137077B2

公开(公告)日：2015-09-15

申请号：US13293813

申请日：2011-11-10

Applicant: Xiao-an Wang

Inventor： Xiao-an Wang

IPC: H04B1/00 ,  H04L27/26 ,  H04L25/02 ,  H04L5/00 ,  H04L25/03

CPC classification number: H04L27/2613 ,  H04L5/0016 ,  H04L5/0023 ,  H04L5/0035 ,  H04L5/0048 ,  H04L25/0204 ,  H04L25/0224 ,  H04L2025/03426

Abstract: Large-dimension MIMO and multipoint broadcasting in new generation of wireless networks create high demand for various types of pilots in transmission signals for channel estimation, data demodulation, synchronization, etc. More pilots, as in existing networks, use more resources and thus diminish the network capacity. Methods and apparatus of heterogeneous pilots are disclosed. A heterogeneous pilot has its own signal characteristics that are different from the primary information-bearing signals in the network. Heterogeneous pilots can be spread-spectrum signals in an OFDM-based wireless network. Heterogeneous pilots use no network resources, and can be as many as desired, and can be designed to have versatile utilities. Also described are methods and apparatus of heterogeneous pilot cancellation that minimizes the interference of heterogeneous pilots on the primary information-bearing signals. Applications of the described methods and apparatus include OFDM-based wireless cellular networks, such as LTE-advanced and Wireless LAN.

Abstract translation: 新一代无线网络中的大尺寸MIMO和多点广播对于信道估计，数据解调，同步等传输信号中的各种类型的导频产生了高需求。如现有网络中更多的飞行员使用更多的资源，从而减少 网络容量。 披露了异质飞行员的方法和装置。 异构导频具有与网络中的主要信息承载信号不同的信号特征。 异构导频可以是基于OFDM的无线网络中的扩频信号。 异构飞行员不使用网络资源，并且可以根据需要而设计，并且可以被设计为具有通用的实用程序。 还描述了使异构导频对主要信息承载信号的干扰最小化的异构导频消除的方法和装置。 所描述的方法和装置的应用包括基于OFDM的无线蜂窝网络，诸如LTE高级和无线LAN。

公开(公告)号：US09125074B2

公开(公告)日：2015-09-01

申请号：US13854130

申请日：2013-03-31

Applicant: Xiao-an Wang

Inventor： Xiao-an Wang

IPC: H04W24/02 ,  H04B7/04 ,  H04W16/28 ,  H04B7/02

CPC classification number: H04W24/02 ,  H04B7/024 ,  H04B7/0452 ,  H04W16/28

Abstract: MU-MIMO and CoMP have potentials to increase the cell capacity by many folds. Interferences and channel feedback overhead, however, severely limits such potentials. Method of reference signal-based grid of beams (RS-GOB) is described. RS-GOB distributes the effective antennas of a base station into multiple beams, thereby significantly reducing the feedback overhead of CoMP and making effective use of CoMP to turn the interferences into cooperating useful signals. RS-GOB also reduces the need for small HetNet cells, which mitigates the interferences of small HetNet cells on macro cells.

Abstract translation: MU-MIMO和CoMP具有将细胞容量增加许多倍的潜力。 然而，干扰和渠道反馈开销严重限制了这种潜力。 描述了基于信号的光束网格（RS-GOB）的方法。 RS-GOB将基站的有效天线分配到多个波束中，从而大大减少了CoMP的反馈开销，并有效利用了CoMP将干扰转化为合作的有用信号。 RS-GOB还减少了对小型HetNet电池的需求，从而减轻了小型HetNet电池在宏电池上的干扰。