摘要:
An image forming apparatus has an electrophotographic photosensitive member with a support, a photosensitive layer with a thickness (T), a charging subunit, an exposure subunit, a developing subunit, and a transfer subunit. The exposure subunit illuminates the charged photosensitive member with a light beam having a spot area (S), such that the product S.times.T is 5,000-12,000 .mu.m.sup.3.
摘要:
To properly cut light except for visible light and improve read precision, there is provided an image reading apparatus having a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements. The image reading apparatus includes an image information detecting unit in which the photoelectric conversion elements are arranged on a single chip, a first light-shielding unit, arranged near the photoelectric conversion elements, for transmitting specific visible light, and a second light-shielding unit, arranged near the photoelectric conversion elements at a position different from that of the first light-shielding unit, for partially shielding light except for the visible light.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device is constituted by (a) a pair of base plates each having an orientation control film thereon, and (b) a liquid crystal composition interposed between the base plates. The liquid crystal composition comprises a mixture including at least one liquid crystal compound which has a temperature range in which it shows chiral smectic phase and at least one optically active substance which does not have a temperature range in which it shows chiral smectic phase. The liquid crystal composition has a temperature range in which it shows cholesteric phase and is placed in chiral smectic phase which has been formed through cholesteric phase on temperature decrease. The liquid crystal composition comprises liquid crystal molecules having long axes forming a pre-tilt in the chiral smectic phase.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device for controlling scattering of light beams incident upon a liquid crystal layer so as to modulate the light beams includes: a first lens array having lenses corresponding to the liquid crystal layer, the lenses causing the light beams transmitted from the liquid crystal layer, the lenses causing the light beams transmitted from the liquid crystal layer to travel toward a focal plane; a mask for shielding scattered light transmitted from the first lens array as well as allowing non-scattered light to pass through, the mask having a plurality of aperture portions which are formed along the focal plane to correspond to the lenses of the first lens array so as to allow non-scattered light transmitted from corresponding lenses to pass through; and a second lens array having lenses arranged to correspond to the aperture portions of the mask, the lenses substantially collimating the non-scattered light transmitted from corresponding aperture portions of the mask.
摘要:
A liquid crystal device is constituted by (a) a pair of base plates each having an orientation control film thereon, and (b) a liquid crystal composition interposed between the base plates. The liquid crystal composition comprises at least two liquid crystal compounds including at least one liquid crystal compound which has a temperature range in which it shows cholesteric phase. The liquid crystal composition has a temperature range in which it shows cholesteric phase and is placed in chiral smectic phase which has been formed through cholesteric phase on temperature decrease. The liquid crystal composition comprises liquid crystal molecules having long axes forming a pre-tilt in the chiral smectic phase.
摘要:
A projector has means for supplying first and second radiation beams, first image generating means for modulating a plurality of portions of the first radiation beam individually and forming a deflected beam and a non-deflected beam to generate a first image, second image generating means for modulating a plurality of portions of the second radiation beam individually and forming a deflected beam and a non-deflected beam to generate a second image, and means for projecting the first and second images onto a predetermined plane by the use of one of the deflected beams and the non-deflected beams from the first and second image generating means, the first and second image generating means emitting the deflected beams so that most of the deflected beam from one of the generating means may substantially not enter the other generating means.
摘要:
Provided is an information memory medium comprising a recording layer containing a polymeric liquid crystal having a ferroelectric chiral smectic phase, wherein said polymeric liquid crystal comprises a polymeric liquid crystal having a temperature region, in which its electric-field response time changes by the factor of not less than 200 times, within a temperature range of the ferroelectric chiral smectic phase on the side of higher temperatures than its glass transition temperature.
摘要:
Provided is a polymeric liquid-crystalline compound having in its repeating unit a moiety represented by the following formula (M)X.sub.1 --A--X.sub.2 --B (M)wherein A represents a bicyclic mesogen; B represents a flexible group represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein X represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and Y represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, provided that X is not the same as Y, k is 0 or 1, and m1 is 1 to 18,or ##STR2## wherein X represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and Y represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, provided that X is not the same as Y, k is 0 or 1, m2 is 2 to 10 and m3 is 2 to 5; andX.sub.1 and X.sub.2 each represent a group containing any one of an ester bond, an ether bond and a carbonate bond, and may be the same or different from each other.
摘要:
An optically active lactic acid derivative represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group of a linear, branched or cyclic structure having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; Ra is --CO--Rb or --CH.sub.2 --Rc wherein Rb is a releasable chemically active group, and Rc is a releasable chemically active group; and C with * represents an asymmetric carbon atom.
摘要:
A nonlinear optical material comprises a solid solution of an organic guest compound having an electron donative group or an electron attractive group. The organic guest compound is contained in the nonlinear optical material preferably an oriented form through orientation under melting by application of a DC electric field. The guest compound is preferably a para-di-substituted benzene derivative represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is an electron donative group and B is an electron attractive group.