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    METALLOTHERMIC REDUCTION OF IN-SITU GENERATED TITANIUM CHLORIDE
    3.
    发明申请
    METALLOTHERMIC REDUCTION OF IN-SITU GENERATED TITANIUM CHLORIDE 有权
    国内生成氯化钛的金属热还原

    公开(公告)号：US20080190778A1

    公开(公告)日：2008-08-14

    申请号：US12016859

    申请日：2008-01-18

    申请人： James C. Withers ,  Loutfy O. Raouf

    发明人： James C. Withers ,  Loutfy O. Raouf

    IPC分类号： C25C1/22 ,  C25C1/24 ,  C25C1/10

    CPC分类号： C22B34/129 ,  C22B34/1222 ,  C22B34/1272 ,  C25C3/00 ,  C25C3/26 ,  C25C3/28 ,  C25C5/04 ,  Y02P10/23

    摘要： A method for producing a pure metal M or metal alloy MxNy, of interest, which comprises electrolyzing a molten salt electrolyte of an alkali-metal or alkaline-earth metal halide AX or AX2, with an anode formed of graphite or made of a composite of a metal oxide of the metal of interest and carbon, to discharge the alkali or alkaline-earth metal A, at the cathode, and to discharge nascent chlorine gas at the anode, whereby to produce a halide of the metal of interest MXn and/or NXn, and metallothermically reducing the metal halide MXn and/or NXn either separately or combined, with the alkali or alkaline-earth metal A, obtained cathodically to produce the metal M or the metal alloy MxNy of interest in particulate form.

    摘要翻译： 用于生产感兴趣的纯金属M或金属合金M x N N y Y的方法，其包括电解碱金属或碱土金属的熔盐电解质 卤化物AX或AX 2，其中由石墨形成的阳极或由目标金属的金属氧化物和碳的复合材料制成，以在阴极排出碱金属或碱土金属A 并且在阳极处排出新生的氯气，由此产生感兴趣的金属的卤化物和/或NX N，并金属热还原金属卤化物MX 单独或组合使用与碱或碱土金属A阴极制得的金属M或金属合金M， 感兴趣的颗粒形式的x N y。

    Nano carbon materials for enhancing thermal transfer in fluids
    6.
    发明授权
    Nano carbon materials for enhancing thermal transfer in fluids 失效
    用于增强流体中热传递的纳米碳材料

    公开(公告)号：US06695974B2

    公开(公告)日：2004-02-24

    申请号：US10059716

    申请日：2002-01-29

    申请人： James C. Withers ,  Raouf O. Loutfy

    发明人： James C. Withers ,  Raouf O. Loutfy

    IPC分类号： C09K500

    CPC分类号： C09K5/10 ,  B82Y30/00 ,  B82Y40/00 ,  C01B32/15 ,  C01B32/152 ,  Y10S977/833

    摘要： A novel fluid heat transfer agent suitable for use in a closed heat transfer system, for example, wherein energy is transferred between an evaporator and a condenser in heat exchange relationship with the heat transfer agent that is caused to flow from one to the other. The novel heat transfer agent is a complex comprising a body of heat transfer fluid, for example, ethylene glycol or water, having suspended therein carbon nanoparticles in a quantity sufficient to enhance the thermal conductivity of the body of heat transfers fluid, per se. The carbon nanoparticles are selected from carbon in the form of sp2 type and sp3 type bonding and preferably comprise nanotubes or fullerenes and may have a coupling agent bonded thereto or enclosed therein when the nanotube or fullerene forms a hollow capsule. The coupling agent may be a polar organic group covalently bonded to the carbon nanoparticles and miscible in the fluid medium.

    摘要翻译： 一种适用于封闭传热系统的新型流体传热剂，例如其中能量与蒸发器和冷凝器之间的热交换关系转移到与其相互流动的传热剂。 新型传热剂本身是一种复合体，它包括传热流体本身，例如乙二醇或水，其中悬浮有碳纳米颗粒，其数量足以提高传热流体本身的导热性。 碳纳米颗粒选自sp 2型和sp 3型键合形式的碳，并且优选地包含纳米管或富勒烯，并且当纳米管或富勒烯形成中空胶囊时，可以具有与其结合或耦合的偶联剂。 偶联剂可以是与碳纳米颗粒共价结合并在流体介质中混溶的极性有机基团。

    Chlorination using partially calcined carbonaceous material as a reductant
    8.
    发明授权
    Chlorination using partially calcined carbonaceous material as a reductant 失效
    使用部分煅烧碳质材料作为还原剂进行氯化

    公开(公告)号：US4459274A

    公开(公告)日：1984-07-10

    申请号：US436676

    申请日：1982-10-25

    申请人： Raouf O. Loutfy ,  James C. Withers ,  Subodh K. Das ,  Samuel S. Jones

    发明人： Raouf O. Loutfy ,  James C. Withers ,  Subodh K. Das ,  Samuel S. Jones

    IPC分类号： C01F7/60 ,  C01G1/06

    CPC分类号： C01F7/60 ,  C01G1/06

    摘要： An improved solid carbon reductant comprising partially calcined carbonaceous materials such as petroleum coke, containing relatively low amounts of residual hydrocarbons and a relatively high surface area and thus increased activity as compared to known reductants is provided. This improved reductant is produced by a method comprising heating the carbonaceous material in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature of from about 650.degree. C. to about 950.degree. C., preferably from about 800.degree. C. to about 875.degree. C., and most preferably at a temperature about 850.degree. C. In addition, according to the present invention improved chlorination processes are provided using these reductants which result in reduced levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon (C.sub.x Cl.sub.y) production due to reduced residual hydrocarbons. In a preferred embodiment anhydrous aluminum chloride is produced by chlorination of aluminum hexahydrate using the improved reductant.

    摘要翻译： 提供了一种改进的固体碳还原剂，其包括部分煅烧的碳质材料如石油焦炭，其含有相对低量的残余烃和相对较高的表面积，因此与已知的还原剂相比增加了活性。 该改进的还原剂通过以下方法制备：将氧化气氛中的碳质材料加热到约650℃至约950℃，优选约800℃至约875℃的温度， 优选在约850℃的温度下进行。此外，根据本发明，使用这些还原剂提供改进的氯化方法，这导致由于减少的残余烃而导致的氯化烃（C x Cly）生产水平降低。 在优选的实施方案中，使用改进的还原剂，通过氯化六水合铝来制备无水氯化铝。

    Electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum
    9.
    发明授权
    Electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum 失效
    电解槽用于生产铝

    公开(公告)号：US4338177A

    公开(公告)日：1982-07-06

    申请号：US62135

    申请日：1979-07-30

    申请人： James C. Withers ,  Gary V. Upperman

    发明人： James C. Withers ,  Gary V. Upperman

    IPC分类号： C25C3/06 ,  C25C3/12 ,  C25C3/24 ,  C25C7/02

    CPC分类号： C25C3/06 ,  C25C3/12

    摘要： A cell for the electrolytic deposition of aluminum at low temperatures and low electrical potential in which the anode is the sole source of aluminum and comprises a composite mixture of an aluminous material such as aluminum oxide and a reducing agent. Conductor means of higher electrical conductivity than the mixture are provided to conduct substantially the entire anodic current to the active anode surface thereby reducing the voltage drop through the highly resistive composite mixture. The mixture may be employed in a self-baking mode or be prebaked. Alternatively, the mixture may be in a particulate form and contained within a porous membrane which passes the electrolyte or other dissolved material while withholding undissolved impurities. The cell may have bipolar electrodes and may be used in combined winning and refining configurations.

    摘要翻译： 用于在低温和低电位下电解铝的电池，其中阳极是唯一的铝源，并且包括铝材料如氧化铝和还原剂的复合混合物。 提供比提供混合物更高的电导率的导体装置，以将基本上整个阳极电流传导到活性阳极表面，从而降低通过高电阻复合材料混合物的电压降。 混合物可以以自烘烤模式使用或预烘烤。 或者，混合物可以是颗粒形式并且包含在通过电解质或其它溶解的材料同时保持未溶解的杂质的多孔膜中。 电池可以具有双极电极，并且可以以组合的获胜和精炼配置使用。