公开(公告)号：US6148659A

公开(公告)日：2000-11-21

申请号：US168819

申请日：1998-10-08

申请人： John E. Traina

发明人： John E. Traina

IPC分类号： G01N33/00 ,  G01N31/06 ,  G01N7/00 ,  G01N25/56

CPC分类号： G01N33/0016 ,  G01N33/0011

摘要： A gas concentration monitor has a pneumatic bridge having two parallel flowpaths containing a first conduit leg and a second conduit leg connected to an input line. Each leg has an entry orifice and an exit orifice through which a portion of the gas sample flows. Orifices need not be of equal size and or kept at the same temperature. A pump is connected to both legs for drawing the sample through the bridge. A condenser or absorber which removes the gas whose concentration is being determined is connected to the first leg between the entry orifice and the exit orifice. A differential pressure gauge measures the differential pressure between the first leg and the second leg which differential pressure changes due to removal of the target gas of measurement interest from the other gas fraction passing through the bridge towards discharge from the bridge. From that measurement one can calculate the concentration in the sample of the gas that was removed by the condenser or absorber.

摘要翻译： 气体浓度监测器具有气动桥，其具有两个平行的流路，其包含连接到输入线的第一管道腿和第二管道腿。 每个支腿具有入口孔和出口孔，气体样品的一部分通过该出口孔流动。 孔不需要相同的尺寸或保持在相同的温度。 泵连接到两条腿，用于通过桥将样品拉出。 去除其浓度被确定的气体的冷凝器或吸收器连接到入口孔口和出口孔口之间的第一腿部。 差压表测量第一腿部和第二腿部之间的压力差，由于通过桥梁的其他气体部分去除了从桥梁排出的测量值的目标气体而使压差发生变化。 从该测量可以计算通过冷凝器或吸收器去除的气体样品中的浓度。

公开(公告)号：US5637809A

公开(公告)日：1997-06-10

申请号：US456650

申请日：1995-06-02

申请人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers

发明人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers

IPC分类号： G01N1/22 ,  G01N1/24 ,  G01N33/00 ,  B01L7/00

CPC分类号： G01N1/2258 ,  G01N33/0011 ,  G01N33/0016 ,  G01N1/2252 ,  G01N1/24 ,  G01N2001/2261 ,  G01N2001/2264 ,  G01N2001/244

摘要： A gas sampling system utilizes small sample vacuum transport to reduce the dew point of the sample. A vacuum pump maintains a substantial vacuum on the sampling system causing a sample, drawn at a rate less than a liter per minute, to be drawn and transported under partial vacuum for analysis. A dryer can be placed near the sampling probe to further reduce the dew point prior to the vacuum transport. The dew point of the sample is affected by both the dryer and the degree of vacuum transporting the gas mixture. As such, the dew point can be varied indefinitely by any reasonable combination of moisture removal by the dryer and vacuum pump strength.

摘要翻译： 气体采样系统利用小样品真空输送来降低样品的露点。 真空泵在采样系统上维持真实的真空，使得以小于每分钟一升的速率拉伸的样品在部分真空下被拉伸和运输用于分析。 干燥器可以放置在采样探头附近，以进一步降低真空运输前的露点。 样品的露点受干燥器和真空输送气体混合物的程度的影响。 因此，通过干燥器除去湿气和真空泵强度的任何合理的组合，露点可以无限期地变化。

公开(公告)号：US5458010A

公开(公告)日：1995-10-17

申请号：US218563

申请日：1994-03-28

申请人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers

发明人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers

IPC分类号： G01N1/22 ,  G01N1/24 ,  G01N1/28 ,  G01N33/00 ,  G05D11/03 ,  B01L7/00

CPC分类号： G01N1/2258 ,  G01N33/0011 ,  G01N33/0016 ,  G05D11/03 ,  G01N1/2252 ,  G01N1/24 ,  G01N2001/2261 ,  G01N2001/2264 ,  G01N2001/244

摘要： A gas sampling system utilizing a pair of parallel sonic orifices. One of the orifices is connected to a source of filtered, heated samples. The second, larger orifice is connected to a source of dilution gas. A vacuum pump maintains a substantial vacuum behind the orifices, thus assuring critical flow therethrough. The sample and diffusion gas are mixed behind the orifices and transported under partial vacuum for analysis. The dew point of the sample is affected by both the ratio of the diameter of orifices and the degree of vacuum transporting the gas mixture. As such, the dew point can be varied indefinitely by any reasonable combination of orifice ratio and vacuum pump strength.

摘要翻译： 采用一对平行声波孔的气体采样系统。 其中一个孔连接到过滤的加热样品源。 第二个更大的孔连接到稀释气体源。 真空泵在孔之后保持相当的真空，从而确保通过其中的临界流。 将样品和扩散气体混合在孔的后面并在部分真空下运输用于分析。 样品的露点受到孔直径与输送气体混合物的真空度的影响。 因此，露点可以通过孔径比和真空泵强度的任何合理的组合而无限地变化。

公开(公告)号：US4937461A

公开(公告)日：1990-06-26

申请号：US234428

申请日：1988-08-22

申请人： John E. Traina

发明人： John E. Traina

IPC分类号： G01N21/53

CPC分类号： G01N21/534

摘要： An improved transmissometer and optical assembly therefor contains a solid state light source preferably a light emitting diode. The ligh source emits a low level light beam that is split, part of which is passed through a gaseous sample then directed to a detector while the otehr part is directed to a second detector. Electronic components are provided to use signals from the detectors to control the light source and determine opacity of the sample.

摘要翻译： 改进的透射计及其光学组件包括固态光源，优选为发光二极管。 灯源发射分裂的低电平光束，其中一部分光束通过气态样品，然后被引导到检测器，而奥特尔部分被引导到第二检测器。 提供电子部件以使用来自检测器的信号来控制光源并确定样品的不透明度。

公开(公告)号：US5831730A

公开(公告)日：1998-11-03

申请号：US856072

申请日：1997-05-14

申请人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers ,  Edward A. Smierciak

发明人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers ,  Edward A. Smierciak

IPC分类号： G01N15/02 ,  G01N21/53 ,  G01N21/00

CPC分类号： G01N15/0205 ,  G01N21/534 ,  G01N21/4785

摘要： An improved method of monitoring particulates in stacks or ducts utilizes transmissometer/particulate monitor of the type which has an optical assembly containing a solid state light source of visible light such as a light-emitting diode or a solid-state laser. The light source emits a collimated beam that is split, part of which is focused onto a reference detector that monitors the intensity of the light source, while the other part is directed to a beam-steering apparatus that causes the beam to accurately pass through a gaseous sample to a desired location such as a retro-reflector. A position-sensing detector is used in a closed-loop manner to control the beam-steering apparatus. The ratio of the total energy of the detected light beam, relative to the reference detector output, is used to determine the opacity of the gaseous sample for the purpose of providing a basis for correlation to particulate loading of that portion of the particulates that are of a size comparable to the wavelength of light. The correlation to particulate loading is enhanced by a feature of the invention which measures the angular distribution of forward-scattered light to provide information as to the particle size distribution of the particulates. In addition, by steering the beam such that the intensity of scattered light at a preferred scattering angle of 2 to 3 degrees is measured, a measurement may be made that provides a signal that is proportional to the total concentration of particulates independent of the size distribution.

摘要翻译： 一种监测堆叠或管道中的微粒的改进方法利用了具有包含诸如发光二极管或固体激光器的可见光的固态光源的光学组件的类型的透射计/微粒监测器。 光源发射被分裂的准直光束，其中的一部分被聚焦到监视光源的强度的参考检测器上，而另一部分被引导到光束转向装置，该光束转向装置使光束准确地通过 气态样品到期望的位置，例如后向反射器。 以闭环方式使用位置检测检测器来控制光束转向装置。 检测光束相对于参考检测器输出的总能量的比率用于确定气体样品的不透明度，以提供与颗粒物的颗粒负载相关的基础， 尺寸与光的波长相当。 通过测量前向散射光的角分布以提供关于颗粒的粒度分布的信息的本发明的特征来增强与颗粒负载的相关性。 此外，通过转向光束使得测量到2至3度的优选散射角的散射光的强度，可以进行测量，其提供与颗粒的总浓度成比例的信号，而与尺寸分布无关 。

公开(公告)号：US5509313A

公开(公告)日：1996-04-23

申请号：US315558

申请日：1994-09-30

申请人： John E. Traina ,  William G. Moul

发明人： John E. Traina ,  William G. Moul

IPC分类号： G01F1/46

CPC分类号： G01F1/46

摘要： A method of measuring fluid flow through a conduit first finds a null position then rotates the probe 90.degree. from the null position to be aligned with the true flow direction of the field. The null position is found by incremental movement of the probe through selected angles. At each position a differential pressure reading is taken. These readings are then compared to determine subsequent incremental movements to identify an approximate null position. The true null position is found from the approximate null by applying at least squares fit to differential pressure readings taken within a range, preferably +/-5.degree., around the approximate null. The probe is then rotated 90.degree. from the null position. A plurality of differential pressure readings are taken and the square root of each such reading is found. An average of those square roots is multiplied by a predetermined constant to find the flow rate.

摘要翻译： 测量通过导管的流体流动的方法首先找到空位，然后使探针90°从零位置旋转以与场的真实流动方向对齐。 通过探头通过选定角度的增量移动找到空位。 在每个位置进行差压读数。 然后比较这些读数以确定随后的增量运动以识别近似的零位置。 通过对近似为零的范围内的差压读数进行至少平方拟合，优选为+/- 5°，从近似为零找到真正的零位。 然后将探头从零位置旋转90°。 取多个差压读数，并且找到每个这样的读数的平方根。 将这些平方根的平均值乘以预定常数以找到流量。

公开(公告)号：US6094993A

公开(公告)日：2000-08-01

申请号：US56538

申请日：1998-04-08

申请人： John E. Traina

发明人： John E. Traina

IPC分类号： G01F1/46

CPC分类号： G01F1/46

摘要： A method of measuring fluid flow through a conduit takes a plurality of pressure readings at a high sampling rate preferably of from 15 to 25 samples per second. The square root of each reading is found. An average of those square roots is multiplied by a predetermined constant to find the flow rate.

摘要翻译： 测量通过管道的流体流动的方法以高采样率采取多个压力读数，优选地为每秒15至25个采样。 找到每个阅读的平方根。 将这些平方根的平均值乘以预定常数以找到流量。

公开(公告)号：US5535634A

公开(公告)日：1996-07-16

申请号：US395421

申请日：1995-02-28

申请人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers

发明人： John E. Traina ,  Richard Myers

IPC分类号： G01F1/46

CPC分类号： G01F1/46

摘要： A improved Type S or reverse type pitot tube has two conduit legs which are mirror images of one another. Each conduit leg has an input portion having a pressure port therein, a support portion and a connecting portion connected between the input portion and the support portion. The support portion and the connecting portion lie in one plane which plane is substantially perpendicular to a centerline through the input portions. The conduit legs are shaped and oriented relative to one another so that the pressure ports of the input portions of the first and second conduits are collinear and when placed in a conduit, the pitot tube will be symmetrical in a yaw plane and both symmetrical and non-interfering in a pitch plane. The first and second conduits are spaced apart over at least a portion of their length to define an opening adjacent the input portions which opening is at least 3 times wider and deeper than the input portions. With this pitot tube the errors in flow measurement which result from the pitch angle flow are negligible in most cases and never result in a low biased reading.

摘要翻译： 改进的S型或反型皮托管具有彼此成镜像的两个导管腿。 每个导管腿具有其中具有压力端口的输入部分，支撑部分和连接在输入部分和支撑部分之间的连接部分。 支撑部分和连接部分位于一个平面中，该平面基本上垂直于通过输入部分的中心线。 导管腿相对于彼此成形和定向，使得第一和第二导管的输入部分的压力端口共线，并且当放置在导管中时，皮托管将在偏航平面中对称，并且对称和非对称 在间距平面上干扰。 第一和第二导管在它们的长度的至少一部分上间隔开以限定邻近输入部分的开口，该开口比输入部分宽至少3倍。 对于这个皮托管来说，由于桨距角流动引起的流量测量误差在大多数情况下是可以忽略的，从不导致读数偏低。

公开(公告)号：US10221823B2

公开(公告)日：2019-03-05

申请号：US11520517

申请日：2006-09-13

申请人： John E. Traina

发明人： John E. Traina

IPC分类号： B60L1/02 ,  F02N19/10

摘要： A method improving fuel economy by the retention of heat in or heating a liquid cooled, internal combustion engine is provided wherein insulation, a heating member, or both are attached to the engine and used to reduce heat loss from the engine or keep the engine at an operating temperature. The engine is subsequently maintained at the operating temperature or a temperature substantially close thereto for either a period of time determined by a user or for a time period that is longer than time periods obtained by following standard practices.

公开(公告)号：US20080061051A1

公开(公告)日：2008-03-13

申请号：US11520517

申请日：2006-09-13

申请人： John E. Traina

发明人： John E. Traina

IPC分类号： B60L1/02

CPC分类号： F02N19/10 ,  F01P2037/02

摘要： A method improving fuel economy by the retention of heat in or heating a liquid cooled, internal combustion engine is provided wherein insulation, a heating member, or both are attached to the engine and used to reduce heat loss from the engine or keep the engine at an operating temperature. The engine is subsequently maintained at the operating temperature or a temperature substantially close thereto for either a period of time determined by a user or for a time period that is longer than time periods obtained by following standard practices.

摘要翻译： 提供了一种通过在液体冷却的内燃机中保持热量或加热液体冷却的内燃机来提高燃料经济性的方法，其中绝缘，加热构件或两者附接到发动机并用于减少来自发动机的热损失或将发动机保持在 工作温度。 随后，发动机在由使用者确定的时间段或比通过遵循标准惯例获得的时间段更长的时间段内将其保持在工作温度或基本上接近其的温度。