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公开(公告)号：US4413506A
公开(公告)日：1983-11-08
申请号：US240647
申请日：1981-03-05
IPC分类号： G01N13/02
CPC分类号： G01N13/02 , G01N2013/0233
摘要： A thin-film, horizontal balance instrument is provided for measuring surface tension (surface energy) of thin films suspended on a liquid substrate. The balance includes a support bearing and an optical feedback arrangement for wide-range, high sensitivity measurements. The force on the instrument is balanced by an electromagnet, the current through the magnet providing a measure of the force applied to the instrument. A novel float construction is also disclosed.
摘要翻译： 提供了薄膜水平平衡仪，用于测量悬浮在液体基底上的薄膜的表面张力（表面能）。 天平包括支撑轴承和用于宽范围，高灵敏度测量的光学反馈装置。 仪器上的力由电磁体平衡，通过磁体的电流提供施加到仪器的力的量度。 还公开了一种新颖的浮动结构。
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2.发明授权Method and apparatus for measuring shear modulus and viscosity of a monomolecular film 失效用于测量单分子膜的剪切模量和粘度的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US4537064A
公开(公告)日：1985-08-27
申请号：US542957
申请日：1983-10-18
CPC分类号： B82Y30/00 , G01N11/167 , G01N13/00
摘要： Instrument for measuring the shear modulus of a monomolecular film comprises a circular trough having inwardly sloping sides containing a liquid for supporting the monolayer on the surface thereof; a circular rotor suspended above the trough such that the lower surface of the rotor contacts the surface of the liquid, positioned such that the axis of the rotor is concentric with the axis of the trough and freely rotable about its axis; apparatus for hydrostatically compressing the monolayer in the annular region formed between the rotor and the sides of the trough; and apparatus for rotating the trough about its axis. Preferably, hydrostatic compression of the monolayer is achieved by removing liquid from the bottom of the trough (decreasing the surface area) while raising the trough vertically along its axis to maintain the monolayer at a constant elevation (and maintain rotor contact). In order to measure viscosity, a apparatus for rotating the rotor about its axis is added to the apparatus.
摘要翻译： 用于测量单分子膜的剪切模量的仪器包括圆形槽，其具有向内倾斜的侧面，其包含用于在其表面上支撑单层的液体; 圆形转子悬挂在槽的上方，使得转子的下表面接触液体的表面，定位成使得转子的轴线与槽的轴线同轴并且可围绕其轴线自由旋转; 用于在形成在转子和槽的侧面之间的环形区域中对单层进行静压压缩的装置; 以及用于围绕其轴线旋转槽的装置。 优选地，通过从槽的底部除去液体（减小表面积）同时沿着其轴垂直地提升槽来维持单层保持恒定的高度（并保持转子接触）来实现单层的静水压缩。 为了测量粘度，将一个围绕其轴旋转转子的装置添加到该装置中。
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3.发明授权Method and apparatus for monitoring and measuring the surface tension of a fluid using fiber optics 失效使用光纤监测和测量流体表面张力的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US5303030A
公开(公告)日：1994-04-12
申请号：US801153
申请日：1991-12-02
CPC分类号： G01N13/02
摘要： A non-contact method and apparatus for measuring and monitoring the surface of a fluid using fiber optics and interferometric detection to permit measurement mechanical characteristics' fluid surfaces. The apparatus employs an alternating electric field gradient for generating a capillary wave on the surface of the fluid. A fiber optic coupler and optical fiber directs a portion of a laser beam onto the surface of the fluid, another portion of the laser beam onto the photo sensor, and directs light reflected from the surface of the fluid onto the photo sensor. The output of the photo sensor is processed and coupled to a phase sensitive detector to permit measurement of phase shift between the drive signal creating the capillary wave and the detected signal. This phase shift information is then used to determine mechanical properties of the fluid surface such as surface tension, surface elasticity, and surface inhomogeneity. The resulting test structure is easily made compact, portable, and easy to align and use.
摘要翻译： 一种用于使用光纤和干涉检测来测量和监测流体表面的非接触方法和装置，以允许测量机械特性的流体表面。 该装置采用交变电场梯度以在流体的表面上产生毛细管波。 光纤耦合器和光纤将激光束的一部分引导到流体的表面上，将激光束的另一部分引导到光传感器上，并将从流体表面反射的光引导到光传感器上。 光传感器的输出被处理并耦合到相敏检测器，以允许测量产生毛细管波的驱动信号和检测到的信号之间的相移。 然后使用该相移信息来确定流体表面的机械性能，例如表面张力，表面弹性和表面不均匀性。 所得到的测试结构容易制造紧凑，便于携带并且易于对准和使用。
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4.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US4844989A
公开(公告)日：1989-07-04
申请号：US27928
申请日：1987-03-19
CPC分类号： H01L39/125 , H01L39/223
摘要： A superconducting structure is formed by depositing alternate layers of aluminum nitride and niobium nitride on a substrate. Deposition methods include dc magnetron reactive sputtering, rf magnetron reactive sputtering, thin-film diffusion, chemical vapor deposition, and ion-beam deposition. Structures have been built with layers of niobium nitride and aluminum nitride having thicknesses in a range of 20 to 350 Angstroms. Best results have been achieved with films of niobium nitride deposited to a thickness of approximately 70 Angstroms and aluminum nitride deposited to a thickness of approximately 20 Angstroms. Such films of niobium nitride separated by a single layer of aluminum nitride are useful in forming Josephson junctions. Structures of 30 or more alternating layers of niobium nitride and aluminum nitride are useful when deposited on fixed substrates or flexible strips to form bulk superconductors for carrying electric current. They are also adaptable as voltage-controlled microwave energy sources.
摘要翻译： 通过在衬底上沉积氮化铝和氮化铌的交替层来形成超导结构。 沉积方法包括直流磁控管反应溅射，磁控管反应溅射，薄膜扩散，化学气相沉积和离子束沉积。 已经构建了具有20至350埃厚度的氮化铌和氮化铝层的结构。 已经将沉积厚度约为70埃的氮化铌薄膜和沉积厚度约为20埃的氮化铝实现了最佳结果。 由氮化铝单层分离的这种氮化铌膜可用于形成约瑟夫逊结。 当沉积在固定的基板或柔性条上以形成承载电流的体超导体时，氮化铌和氮化铝的30个或更多个交替层的结构是有用的。 它们也适用于电压控制的微波能量源。
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公开(公告)号：US4564564A
公开(公告)日：1986-01-14
申请号：US523990
申请日：1983-08-16
CPC分类号： H01L39/14 , Y10S428/926 , Y10S428/93 , Y10S505/806 , Y10S505/813 , Y10S505/879 , Y10T428/12819 , Y10T428/12903
摘要： A superconducting tape or wire with an improved critical field is formed of alternating layers of a niobium-containing superconductor such as Nb, NbTi, Nb.sub.3 Sn or Nb.sub.3 Ge with a thickness in the range of about 0.5-1.5 times its coherence length, supported and separated by layers of copper with each copper layer having a thickness in the range of about 170-600 .ANG..
摘要翻译： 具有改善的临界场的超导带或线由含铌的超导体如Nb，NbTi，Nb 3 Sn或Nb 3 Ge的交替层形成，其厚度在其相干长度的约0.5-1.5倍的范围内，被支撑和分离 每个铜层的铜层厚度在约170-600范围内。
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公开(公告)号：US4817124A
公开(公告)日：1989-03-28
申请号：US904718
申请日：1986-09-05
CPC分类号： H01S4/00 , H01S3/0903
摘要： A high frequency laser for generating a coherent collimated beam in the ultraviolet to x-ray range using a high energy charged particle beam is provided. The laser utilizes an undulator which in one embodiment is a solid state superlattice composed of alternating layers of two materials have slightly different lattice spacing to provide strain modulation. A beam of charged particles is injected into the undulator to stimulate emission at short wavelengths in ultraviolet to hard x-ray range. The feedback required for lasing action is provided by Bragg diffraction involving the basic crystal lattice or other mirror device such as a superlattice mirror. In another embodiment, a dynamic undulator is used comprising infrared electromagnetic radiation. High energy Lithium ions are injected into the undulator resulting in stimulation of high frequency radiation. The feedback is provided by a superlattice mirror.
摘要翻译： 提供了一种用于使用高能量带电粒子束在紫外至X射线范围内产生相干准直光束的高频激光器。 激光器使用波导器，其在一个实施例中是由两个材料的交替层组成的固态超晶格具有稍微不同的晶格间距以提供应变调制。 将一束带电粒子注入到波动器中以在紫外线到硬X射线范围内刺激短波长的发射。 激光作用所需的反馈由涉及基本晶格或其他反射镜装置如超晶格镜的布拉格衍射提供。 在另一个实施例中，使用包括红外电磁辐射的动态波动器。 高能量的锂离子注入到波动器中，导致高频辐射的刺激。 反馈由超晶格镜提供。
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