公开(公告)号：US4765258A

公开(公告)日：1988-08-23

申请号：US834143

申请日：1986-02-26

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: F23C3/00 ,  F23J7/00 ,  F23D1/02

CPC classification number: F23C3/008 ,  F23J7/00

Abstract: Coal combustion and the capture of pollutants are optimized by a method which applies two mechanisms for sulphur capture, one in which pulverized coal particles suspended in the gas stream in the injection zone of the combustor are affected by reaction with a suspended sorbent, and another in which the particles are reentrained in the gas stream by a "sand storm" effect near the wall of the combustor. Use of the two mechanisms results, in commercial scale cyclone combustors, in 70 to 90% sulphur capture at economical Ca/S ratios. The method also minimizes emission of ash by removal from the pulverized coal fuel particles too small to be retained in the combustor and too large to be completely burned in the combustor, minimizes reevolution of sulphur compounds from slag by rapid and continuous removal of slag from the combustor, minimizes emission of NO.sub.x pollutants by maintaining a favorable overall fuel-rich stoichiometry.

Abstract translation: 煤燃烧和污染物的捕获通过采用两种硫捕获机制的方法进行优化，其中悬浮在燃烧器注入区内的气流中的粉煤颗粒受到与悬浮的吸附剂的反应的影响，另一种在 这些颗粒在燃烧器壁附近通过“沙尘暴”效应在气流中重新进入。 在商业规模的旋风燃烧器中，使用这两种机制可以以经济的Ca / S比率进行70-90％的硫捕获。 该方法还通过从粉煤燃料颗粒中除去太小而不能保留在燃烧器中并且太大而不能在燃烧器中完全燃烧的方式来最大限度地减少灰分的排放，通过快速和连续地从炉中去除渣，使硫化合物从炉渣中的再溶解最小化 燃烧器，通过保持有利的总体富燃料化学计量来最小化NOx污染物的排放。

公开(公告)号：US4624191A

公开(公告)日：1986-11-25

申请号：US681875

申请日：1984-12-14

Applicant: Bert Zauderer ,  Vincent Tilli

Inventor： Bert Zauderer ,  Vincent Tilli

IPC: F23C3/00 ,  F23J1/08 ,  F23M5/08 ,  F23D1/02

CPC classification number: F23M5/085 ,  F23C3/008 ,  F23J1/08

Abstract: An air-cooled cyclone coal combustor comprises a horizontally disposed shell, provided with a non-sacrificial refractory liner. The liner is surrounded by an array of air-cooling tubes, the tubes serving both to cool the liner and to physically support and reinforce it. Air cooling in the manner disclosed facilities precise control of the thickness and flow of slag on internal walls of the combustor, so as to avoid reevolution from the slag of the sulfur pollutants. Pulverized coal fuel and a pulverized sulfur sorbent (limestone or the like), as well as primary and secondary combustion air, are introduced into the chamber at an end wall. The cooling air, heated regeneratively in the cooling tubes, provides the secondary air, and is introduced in the chamber in helical flow, at a radius outwardly from the radius at which the solids and primary combustion air are introduced into the chamber. A thermally insulated nozzle provides an outlet for combustion gases.

Abstract translation: 风冷旋风煤燃烧器包括水平设置的外壳，设有非牺牲耐火材料衬里。 衬里被一系列空气冷却管包围，这些管用于冷却衬管并物理支撑和加固。 以公开的方式进行的空气冷却可精确控制燃烧器内壁上的炉渣的厚度和流量，以避免硫污染物的炉渣再溶解。 将粉煤燃料和粉煤硫吸附剂（石灰石等）以及初级和次级助燃空气在端壁处引入室中。 在冷却管中再生加热的冷却空气提供二次空气，并以螺旋形流动的方式从室内的半径向外引入固体和初级燃烧空气。 绝热喷嘴提供燃烧气体的出口。

公开(公告)号：US09249757B2

公开(公告)日：2016-02-02

申请号：US13584467

申请日：2012-08-13

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: F02K9/70 ,  F02K9/24 ,  H02K44/08 ,  G21C1/07

CPC classification number: F02K9/24 ,  F02K9/70 ,  G21C1/07 ,  H02K44/08

Abstract: A propulsion system is disclosed that uses metal fuel particles heated to a range from 3000° K to 6000° K by reaction with oxygen in air inside a cyclone combustor to form metal oxides that are retained and removed from the combustor for re-conversion to metal, while nitrogen in the air is heated to the temperatures that on supersonic exhaust propels 50,000 ton monohull ships to from 50 to 100 knots. The ship can accelerate by electromagnetic force from a MHD generator-accelerator rendered electrically conducting by alkali metal seed injection into the gas. Also disclosed are 10 MW to 1000 MW Closed Cycle MHD power plants fired by natural gas into a top half of a falling pebble bed heat exchanger that transfers 2000° K to 3000° K heat to a noble or diatomic gas in a bottom half of the exchanger that on exit is seeded with an alkali metal rendering the gas conducting.

Abstract translation: 公开了一种推进系统，其使用通过与旋风分离器燃烧室内的空气中的氧反应而加热到3000°K至6000°K范围内的金属燃料颗粒，以形成金属氧化物，其被从燃烧器中保留和移除以重新转化为金属 ，同时空气中的氮气被加热到超音速排气将5万吨单体船舶推至50至100海里的温度。 该船可以通过电磁力从由金属种子注入气体导致的MHD发生器加速器加速。 还公开了将10兆瓦至1000兆瓦的封闭循环MHD发电厂由天然气发射到落下的卵石床热交换器的上半部分，该热交换器将2000°K转换为3000°K的热量，使其在下半部分的高温或双原子气体 在出口处接种碱性金属使交换气体的交换器。

公开(公告)号：US6048510A

公开(公告)日：2000-04-11

申请号：US941028

申请日：1997-09-30

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: B01D53/56 ,  F23J7/00

CPC classification number: B01D53/56 ,  F23J7/00

Abstract: Method for reducing nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) in the gas stream from the combustion of fossil fuels is disclosed. In a narrow gas temperature zone, NO.sub.x is converted to nitrogen by reaction with urea or ammonia with negligible remaining ammonia and other reaction pollutants. Specially designed injectors are used to introduce air atomized water droplets containing dissolved urea or ammonia into the gaseous combustion products in a manner that widely disperses the droplets exclusively in the optimum reaction temperature zone. The injector operates in a manner that forms droplet of a size that results in their vaporization exclusively in this optimum NO.sub.x -urea/ammonia reaction temperature zone. Also disclosed is a design of a system to effectively accomplish this injection.

Abstract translation: 公开了从化石燃料的燃烧中减少气流中的氮氧化物（NOx）的方法。 在狭窄的气体温度区域中，通过与尿素或氨反应而将NOx转化为氮气，残留的氨和其他反应污染物可忽略不计。 特别设计的喷射器用于将含有溶解的尿素或氨的空气雾化水滴引入气态燃烧产物中，其方法是将液滴广泛地分散在最佳反应温度区域中。 喷射器以形成大小的液滴的方式进行操作，导致其仅在该最佳NOx-尿素/氨反应温度区域内蒸发。 还公开了有效地完成该注入的系统的设计。

公开(公告)号：US4118643A

公开(公告)日：1978-10-03

申请号：US768641

申请日：1977-02-14

Applicant: Anthony Patrick Coppa ,  Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Anthony Patrick Coppa ,  Bert Zauderer

IPC: H02K44/10 ,  H02K45/00

CPC classification number: H02K44/10

Abstract: Ceramic electrode is brazed to compliant support, a plurality of curved metal strips mounted on edge, opposite edges being brazed to cooling block. Compliance permits expansion and distortion of electrode when heated without development of stress damaging to brazed joints or to electrode.

Abstract translation: 陶瓷电极钎焊到柔性支撑件上，多个弯曲的金属带安装在边缘上，相对的边缘钎焊到冷却块。 符合性允许加热时电极的膨胀和变形，而不会对钎焊接头或电极产生应力损害。

公开(公告)号：US11156187B2

公开(公告)日：2021-10-26

申请号：US13584574

申请日：2012-08-13

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: F02K9/42 ,  H02K44/08 ,  G21D7/02 ,  G21D5/02 ,  H02K44/12 ,  G21C1/07 ,  F02K9/68 ,  F02K9/62 ,  F02K9/70 ,  F02K9/24

Abstract: Disclosed is an interplanetary rocket propulsion to Mars and the Moons of the nearer outer Planets by means of 6000° K temperature, 100 atmosphere pressure, power generation and propulsion systems that utilize a gas cooled nuclear reactor and metal powder combustion, in combination with water wherein dissociation into oxygen to react with certain metals to form on board retained metal oxides, and to heat the hydrogen from dissociated water as well as on-board liquid hydrogen that is seeded with an alkali metal for use in a linear, Faraday magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator that is coaxial with a MHD accelerator for propulsion, wherein water and probable metal sources on planetary bodies would provide rocket fueling by metal oxide reprocessing to metal and for manned permanent life support bases, and for search of high value minerals, gold, silver, aluminum, rare minerals, diamonds, for transport with their lesser gravity back to Earth.

公开(公告)号：US07553463B2

公开(公告)日：2009-06-30

申请号：US11966321

申请日：2007-12-28

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: B01D53/50 ,  B01D53/56 ,  B01D53/62 ,  B01D53/64 ,  B01D53/74 ,  F23B90/00 ,  F23B99/00 ,  F23J1/00

CPC classification number: F23K1/02 ,  B01D2251/402 ,  B01D2251/404 ,  B01D2251/602 ,  B01D2257/302 ,  B01D2257/404 ,  B01D2257/504 ,  B01D2257/60 ,  F23C2201/401 ,  F23J7/00 ,  F23J9/00 ,  F23J15/006 ,  F23J2215/00 ,  F23J2219/10 ,  F23J2219/20 ,  F23J2219/40 ,  F23J2219/80 ,  F23K2201/505 ,  Y02E20/324 ,  Y02E20/326

Abstract: Methods by which new or used boilers or furnaces ranging from small industrial to the largest utility units that are designed for coal or oil or natural gas or shredded waste or shredded biomass firing can substantially improve their technical operation and sharply reduce their capital and operating costs by implementing component modifications and process steps that (a) minimize the adverse impacts of coal ash and slag on boiler surfaces and particulate emissions thereby also facilitating the use of oil or gas designed boilers for coal firing, (b) drastically reduce the loss of water used to transport coal in slurry form to power plants, (c) essentially eliminate the combined total nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), mercury (Hg), trace metals, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, (d) separate and permanently sequester carbon dioxide released during combustion and (e) improve the coal and solid fuel combustion efficiency.

Abstract translation: 从小型工业到用于煤或石油或天然气或碎石废物或粉碎生物质燃烧的小型工业或最大型公用事业单位的新型或二手锅炉或炉子的方法，可大大改善其技术操作，大幅降低其资本和运营成本 实施部件修改和过程步骤，（a）最大限度地减少煤灰和炉渣对锅炉表面和颗粒物排放的不利影响，从而也有利于使用石油或天然气设计的锅炉进行燃煤，（b）大大减少所用水的损失 （c）基本上消除了总氮氧化物（NOx），二氧化硫（SO2），汞（Hg），微量金属和二氧化碳（CO2）排放的组合，（d）分开 并永久地隔离燃烧过程中释放的二氧化碳，（e）提高煤和固体燃料的燃烧效率。

公开(公告)号：US20050000220A1

公开(公告)日：2005-01-06

申请号：US10717602

申请日：2003-11-21

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: B01D53/56 ,  F02C3/30

CPC classification number: B01D53/56

Abstract: A process having three steps utilized individually or in combination to reduce nitrogen oxides, NOx, emissions from gas turbines. One or more injectors disperse very fine fuel droplets to achieve rapid and complete combustion in zone one immediately downstream of the fuel injectors. The second step uses one or more injectors inserted into the combustor to disperse water droplets throughout zone two, immediately downstream of zone one, to lower the gas temperature and suppress formation of thermal NOx,. The third step uses one or more injectors to disperse aqueous droplets containing a dissolved NOx reducing agent throughout zone three, immediately downstream of zone two, and whose gas temperature favors the reduction of NOx. Alternatively, the dissolved NOx reducing agent can be mixed with a liquid fuel to convert zone three into slightly fuel rich conditions, enabling nitrogen oxide reduction at higher gas temperatures.

Abstract translation: 具有三个步骤的方法，其单独或组合地用于减少来自燃气轮机的氮氧化物，NOx的排放。 一个或多个喷射器分散非常细的燃料液滴，以在紧邻燃料喷射器下游的区域1中实现快速和完全的燃烧。 第二步骤是使用一个或多个插入燃烧器的喷射器，将水滴分散在第一区域的紧邻下游的第二区域，以降低气体温度并抑制热NOx的形成。 第三步骤使用一个或多个注射器将含有溶解的NOx还原剂的水滴分散在第三区域的紧邻第二区的下游，并且其气体温度有利于NOx的还原。 或者，可以将溶解的NOx还原剂与液体燃料混合，以将区域3转化为稍微富燃料的条件，使得能够在更高的气体温度下进行氮氧化物还原。

公开(公告)号：US06722295B2

公开(公告)日：2004-04-20

申请号：US09964853

申请日：2001-09-28

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: C01B1760

CPC classification number: F23C6/047 ,  B01D53/502 ,  B01D53/504 ,  B01D53/60 ,  F23C2201/301 ,  F23D1/005 ,  F23J7/00 ,  Y02A50/2344 ,  Y02A50/2349

Abstract: A method for the combined reduction of sulfur dioxide, SO2, and nitrogen oxides, NOx, in the gas stream of a furnace from the combustion of fossil fuels is disclosed. In a narrow gas temperature zone in a furnace, NOx is converted to nitrogen by reaction with a reducing agent such as urea or ammonia with negligible residual ammonia and other reaction pollutants. In about this same temperature zone, SO2 will react with calcium oxide particles, derived from the calcination of lime, Ca(OH)2, or limestone, CaCO3, to form CaSO4 particles. A wide size distribution of aqueous droplets, containing dispersed lime or very fine limestone particles and dissolved urea or ammonia, is injected at the outer edge of the furnace gas zone at which the SO2 and NOx reduction reaction are effective. The key element in this invention is that the aqueous droplet size distribution is optimized for the specific furnace dimension while the concentration of the reactants, urea or ammonia and lime or very fine limestone, is optimized for optimum reaction rates. Special injectors produce the different size droplets that vaporize throughout said gas zone, thereby distributing said lime or limestone particles and urea or ammonia gas molecules exclusively throughout the combustion gas zone being treated. Also disclosed is a system to produce said aqueous mixture and effectively accomplish this injection. This method can be combined with other NOx and SO2 reduction processes to sharply reduce overall NOx and SO2 emissions from the combustion gas effluent.

Abstract translation: 公开了一种从化石燃料燃烧中将炉子气流中的二氧化硫，二氧化硫和氮氧化物，NOx组合减少的方法。 在炉内的窄气体温度区域，通过与还原剂如尿素或氨反应，将NOx转化为氮气，残余氨和其它反应污染物可忽略不计。 在这个相同的温度区内，SO2会与氧化钙颗粒发生反应，这些氧化钙颗粒来源于煅烧石灰，Ca（OH）2或石灰石CaCO3，形成CaSO 4颗粒。 在SO2和NOx还原反应有效的炉气区的外边缘处注入含有分散的石灰或非常细的石灰石颗粒和溶解的尿素或氨的水滴的大尺寸分布。 本发明的关键要素是针对特定的炉子尺寸优化了水滴尺寸分布，同时针对最佳反应速率优化了反应物，尿素或氨和石灰或非常细的石灰石的浓度。 特殊注射器产生在所有气体区域内蒸发的不同大小的液滴，从而将所述石灰或石灰石颗粒和尿素或氨气分子专门分布在被处理的整个燃烧气体区域。 还公开了一种制备所述含水混合物并有效地实现该注入的系统。 这种方法可以与其他NOx和SO2还原过程相结合，从而大大降低来自燃烧气体流出物的总体NOx和SO2排放。

公开(公告)号：US5542022A

公开(公告)日：1996-07-30

申请号：US85761

申请日：1993-07-01

Applicant: Bert Zauderer

Inventor： Bert Zauderer

IPC: F24H3/04 ,  F24H1/00

CPC classification number: F24H3/0405

Abstract: A compact portable apparatus and method for heating gases for periods ranging from about one tenths of a second to several minutes to temperatures as high as 2700.degree. Celsius in 4 hrs. Graphite or metal oxide spherical pebbles which are placed in an externally thermally insulated cylindrical bed. The pebbles enclose and are heated by electrical resistive elements from which they are physically isolated. High heat storage density is achieved by designing the bed for high pressure loss operation and gas flow is in the downward direction. The bed is pressurized prior to initiating the gas flow with a quick acting valve or burst disc placed at the heater outlet. Typical applications are as a heat source for magnetohydrodynamic channels or wind tunnels. For magnetohydrodynamic applications a pulsed liquid seed metal injection method producing micrometer diameter liquid particles is disclosed. The spent gas leaving the channel passes through a seed metal condenser and gas cooler, and enters an inflatable balloon which captures the gas for subsequent reuse. The invention discloses critical design features that allow a compact, portable and reliable system.

Abstract translation: 一种紧凑的便携式设备和方法，用于在4小时内将气体加热约十分之一秒至几分钟，高达2700摄氏度。 石墨或金属氧化物球形卵石，放置在外部隔热的圆柱形床上。 鹅卵石包围并被物理隔离的电阻元件加热。 通过设计床用于高压损失操作并且气流在向下的方向实现高的蓄热密度。 在启动气流之前，用加压器出口处的快速作用阀或爆破盘来加压床。 典型应用是磁流体通道或风洞的热源。 对于磁流体动力学应用，公开了一种产生微米直径的液体颗粒的脉冲液体种子金属注射方法。 离开通道的废气通过种子金属冷凝器和气体冷却器，并进入可充气的气囊，其捕获气体以供随后的再利用。 本发明公开了允许紧凑，便携和可靠的系统的关键设计特征。