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公开(公告)号：US06379877B1
公开(公告)日：2002-04-30
申请号：US08594721
申请日：1996-01-31
IPC分类号： G03C530
摘要： According to this invention a developer has been disclosed having a low pH value between 9.6 and 11.0, preferably between 9.6 and 10.3, and comprising hydroquinone in an amount from 0 to less than 30 g per liter, an auxiliary developing agent, and as silver halide complexing agents alkali metal sulphite salts, preferably sodium salts, in an amount from 0 to less than 50 g per liter, more preferably to less than 40 g per liter, and thiocyanate salts in amounts from 0.1 to 3 g, more preferably from 0.5 to 2.5 g per liter, and at least 1 g of a compound corresponding to the formula (I), a precursor thereof, a derivative thereof and/or a metal salt thereof wherein each of A, B and D independently represents an oxygen atom or NR1; X represents an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom, NR2; CR3R4; C═O; C═NR5 or C═S; Y represents an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom, NR′2; CR′3R′4; C═O; C═NR′5 or C═S; Z represents an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom, NR″2; CR″3R″4; C═O; C═NR″5 or C═S; n equals 0, 1 or 2; each of R1 to R5, R′1 to R′5 and R″1 to R″5, independently represents hydrogen, subsituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and wherein R3 and R4, R′3 and R′4, R″3 and R″4, may further form together a ring; and wherein in the case that X═CR3R4 and Y═CR′3R′4, R3 and R′3 and/or R4 and R′4 may form a ring and wherein in the case that Y═CR′3R′4 and Z═CR″3R″4 with n=1 or 2, R′3 and R″3 and/or R′4 and R″4 may form a ring.
摘要翻译： 根据本发明，已经公开了具有9.6至11.0之间的低pH值，优选9.6至10.3的显影剂，并且包含量为0至小于30g /升的氢醌，辅助显影剂和卤化银 络合剂碱金属亚硫酸盐，优选钠盐，其量为0至小于50克/升，更优选至少于40克/升，硫氰酸盐的量为0.1至3克，更优选为0.5至 2.5g /升，和至少1g对应于式（I）的化合物，其前体，其衍生物和/或其金属盐，其中A，B和D的独立地表示氧原子或NR 1; X 表示氧原子，硫原子，NR 2; CR3R4; C = O; C = NR5或C = S; Y表示氧原子，硫原子，NR'2; CR'3R'4; C = O; C = NR'5或C = S; Z表示氧原子，硫原子，NR'2; CR''3R''4; C = O; C = NR''5或C = S; n等于0,1或2; R1至R5，R'1至R'5和R'1至R'5各自独立地表示氢，取代或未取代的 烷基，芳烷基，羟基烷基，羧基烷基; 取代或未取代的烯基，取代或未取代的炔基，取代或未取代的环烷基，取代或未取代的环烯基，取代或未取代的芳基或取代或未取代的杂环基; 并且其中R 3和R 4，R'3和R'4，R“3和R”4可进一步一起形成环; 并且在X = CR 3 R 4和Y = CR 3 R 4的情况下，R 3和R'3和/或R 4和R'4可以形成环，并且其中在Y = CR'3R'4和Z = 具有n = 1或2的CR''3R''4，R'3和R'3和/或R'4和R'4可以形成环。
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公开(公告)号：US5604082A
公开(公告)日：1997-02-18
申请号：US594722
申请日：1996-01-31
CPC分类号： G03C1/0053 , G03C5/305 , G03C2200/01 , G03C2200/03 , G03C5/30
摘要： A method has been disclosed of processing an exposed silver halide photographic material comprising at least one coated hydrophilic silver halide emulsion layer comprising tabular grains rich in chloride, bounded by [100] or [111] major faces, characterized by the steps of developing, followed by fixing, rinsing and drying the said material, wherein developing proceeds in a developer, comprising hydroquinone in an amount from 0 to 30 g per liter, an auxiliary developer, as silver halide complexing agents alkali metal sulphite salts in an amount from 1 to 50 g per liter, at least 1 g of a compound corresponding to the formula (I), a precursor thereof, a derivative thereof and/or a metal salt thereof ##STR1## wherein the substituents are defined in the main embodiment of the specification.
摘要翻译： 已经公开了一种处理曝光的卤化银照相材料的方法，该材料包含至少一个涂覆的亲水性卤化银乳剂层，其包含由[100]或[111]主面限定的富含氯化物的片状颗粒，其特征在于以下步骤： 通过固定，漂洗和干燥所述材料，其中显影在显影剂中进行，其包含量为0至30g /升的对苯二酚，辅助显影剂，卤化银配合剂碱金属亚硫酸盐，其量为1至50 g，至少1g对应于式（I）的化合物，其前体，其衍生物和/或其金属盐，其中取代基在主要实施方案中定义 规范。
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3.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US5593817A
公开(公告)日：1997-01-14
申请号：US594144
申请日：1996-01-31
摘要： A photographic developing solution and a method of developing silver halide materials in the said developing solution is disclosed, the said developing solution comprising hydroquinone in an amount from 0 to 30 g per litre, an auxiliary developer, and silver halide complexing agents in an amount from 0 to 50 g per litre, characterized in that said developer further comprisesin amounts from 0.1 to 5 g per litre a compound corresponding to the formula (I), accompanied by charge compensating anions,Z'N.sup.+ --R--N.sup.+ Z" (I)wherein at least divalent group R contains at least one oxyethylene group and wherein Z' and Z", being the same or different, are composed of enough atoms to form a heterocyclic aromatic 5- or 6-ring;andat least 1 g of a compound corresponding to the formula (II), a precursor thereof, a derivative thereof and/or a metal salt thereof ##STR1## wherein each of A, B and D independently represents an oxygen atom or NR.sup.1 ;X represents an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom, NR.sup.2 ; CR.sup.3 R.sup.4 ;C=O; C=NR.sup.5 or C=S;Y represents an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom, NR.sup.'2 ; CR.sup.'3 R.sup.'4 ; C=O, C=NR.sup.'5 or C=S;Z represents an oxygen atom, a sulphur atom, NR.sup."2 ; CR.sup."3 R.sup."4 ; C=O; C=NR.sup."5 or C=S;n equals 0, 1 or 2;each of R.sup.1 to R.sup.5, R.sup.'1 to R.sup.'5 and R.sup."1 to R.sup."5 independently represents hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl; alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl or heterocyclyl;and whereinR.sup.3 and R.sup.4, R.sup.'3 and R.sup.'4, R.sup."3 and R.sup."4, may further form together a ring; andwherein in the case that X=CR.sup.3 R.sup.4 and Y=CR.sup.'3 R.sup.'4, R.sup.3 and R.sup.'3 and/or R.sup.4 and R.sup.'4 may form a ring and wherein in the case that Y=CR.sup.'3 R.sup.'4 and Z=CR.sup."3 R.sup."4 with n=1 or 2, R.sup.'3 and R.sup."3 and/or R.sup.'4 and R.sup."4 may form a ring.
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4.发明授权Radiographic film material exhibiting increased covering power and “colder” blue-black image tone 失效显示增加覆盖力和“较冷”的蓝黑色图像色调的放射照相胶片材料公开(公告)号：US06348293B1
公开(公告)日：2002-02-19
申请号：US09715020
申请日：2000-11-20
IPC分类号： G03C1035
CPC分类号： G03C1/355 , G03C1/7614 , G03C5/16 , G03C2200/40 , Y10S430/166 , Y10S430/167 , Y10S430/168
摘要： A radiographic film material is described including a transparent film support having first and second major surfaces coated with a subbing layer, optionally overcoated with an antihalation undercoat. Coated adjacent on each side of the film support is a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion overcoated with a protective antistress layer. The emulsion layer has chemically and spectrally sensitized {111} tabular hexagonal grains or crystals, having silver iodide in an amount of at most 3 mole %, based on silver, covering at least 50% of the total projective surface of all grains, having an average grain thickness of less than 0.30 &mgr;m. The antistress layer, or the optional antihalation undercoat or both includes a N-amino mercapto-triazole compound containing one or more alkali soluble group(s). A radiographic screen/film combination is also described including the film material.
摘要翻译： 描述了一种射线照相胶片材料，其包括具有涂覆有底层的第一和第二主表面的透明膜载体，任选地用防晕晕底涂层涂覆。 在膜载体的每一侧上涂覆相邻的是具有保护性抗静电层的感光卤化银乳剂。 乳剂层具有化学和光谱增感的{111}平板状六边形晶粒或晶体，其银以银计最多为3摩尔％的碘化银，覆盖所有晶粒的总投影表面的至少50％，其具有 平均颗粒厚度小于0.30μm。 防静电层或任选的防晕底漆或二者均包括含有一个或多个碱溶性基团的N-氨基巯基 - 三唑化合物。 还描述了包括膜材料的射线照相屏/膜组合。
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5.发明授权公开(公告)号：US06472137B1
公开(公告)日：2002-10-29
申请号：US09709628
申请日：2000-11-13
申请人： Ann Verbeeck , Paul Callant , Freddy Henderickx
发明人： Ann Verbeeck , Paul Callant , Freddy Henderickx
IPC分类号： G03C1005
CPC分类号： G03C5/16 , G03C1/0051 , G03C1/122 , G03C1/29 , Y10S430/167
摘要： A light-sensitive silver halide photographic film material has been provided, said film material comprising a transparent support and on both sides thereof at least one light-sensitive emulsion layer having spectrally and chemically sensitized tabular silver halide grains rich in silver bromide, further having silver iodide in an amount of less than 3 mole % based on silver, with two flat parallel {111} crystal faces, said grains accounting for a total projective surface of said parallel crystal faces in said emulsion of at least 50%, further having an average aspect ratio of at least 2:1, a grain thickness of from 0.05 up to 0.15 &mgr;m, a site-directing azacyanine compound satisfying the general formulae disclosed herein in an amount of not less than 1×10−4 mole per mole of silver halide coated and one or more J-aggregating spectrally sensitizing dye(s), wherein a molar ratio amount between said site directing compound and said J-aggregating spectrally sensitizing dye(s) is at least 1:6 for a grain coverage of said {111} tabular grains exceeding 50%. A radiographic screen/film combination has also been described comprising said light-sensitive silver halide photographic film material and two supporting or self-supporting X-ray intensifying screens) comprising luminescent phosphors, wherein by contacting the film material with a sandwich of a pair of said intensifying screens and exposing said combination to X-rays, emission of radiation by said luminescent phosphors in the wavelength range for which said material has been made spectrally sensitive provides a black-and-white diagnostic image after processing of said exposed radiographic film material.
摘要翻译： 已经提供了感光卤化银照相胶片材料，所述胶片材料包括透明支撑体，并且在其两侧上具有至少一个感光乳剂层，其具有富含溴化银的光谱和化学增感的片状卤化银颗粒，还具有银 碘化物的量小于3摩尔％，具有两个平的平行{111}晶面，所述颗粒占所述乳液中所述平行晶面的总投影面至少为50％，进一步具有平均 纵横比为至少2:1，晶粒厚度为0.05至0.15μm，位置引导的氮杂菁化合物，其满足本文公开的通式，其用量为每摩尔卤化银涂层不小于1×10 -4摩尔， 一种或多种J聚集光谱增感染料，其中所述位点引导化合物和所述J-聚集光谱增感染料之间的摩尔比为至少1:6 所述{111}片状晶粒的晶粒覆盖率超过50％。还描述了包括所述感光卤化银照相胶片材料和两种支撑或自支撑X射线增强屏幕的放射照相屏/膜组合，其包含发光 荧光体，其中通过使膜材料与一对所述增强屏幕的夹层接触并将所述组合暴露于X射线，所述发光荧光体在所述材料已经被制成光谱敏感的波长范围内的发射由黑色 处理所述暴露的放射线照相胶片材料之后的白色诊断图像。
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公开(公告)号：US5912108A
公开(公告)日：1999-06-15
申请号：US991345
申请日：1997-12-16
申请人： Ann Verbeeck , Peter Verrept , Freddy Henderickx
发明人： Ann Verbeeck , Peter Verrept , Freddy Henderickx
CPC分类号： G03C1/0053 , G03C5/305 , G03C5/26 , G03C5/31
摘要： A method has been disclosed of processing an image-wise exposed light-sensitive black-and-white silver halide photographic material comprising a support coated on one or both sides thereof with hydrophilic layers, wherein at least one of said layers comprises one or more emulsions having tabular silver halide crystals rich in silver chloride, said method comprising the steps of developing, fixing, rinsing and drying, further characterized in that said developing step proceeds in a black-and-white developer comprising one or more organic compounds inhibiting development, more preferably one or more benzotriazole compounds, and in that said developer is substantially free from bromide ions in favor of a low fog level, a high speed and a sufficiently high covering power of the developed tabular grains.
摘要翻译： 已经公开了一种处理图像曝光的感光黑白卤化银照相材料的方法，其包括在其一侧或两侧上涂覆有亲水层的载体，其中所述层中的至少一层包含一种或多种乳液 具有富含氯化银的片状卤化银晶体，所述方法包括显影，定影，漂洗和干燥的步骤，其特征还在于所述显影步骤在包含一种或多种抑制显影的有机化合物的黑白显影剂中进行，更多 优选一种或多种苯并三唑化合物，并且所述显影剂基本上不含溴离子，有利于显影的片状颗粒的低雾度，高速度和足够高的覆盖力。
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7.发明授权Processing of radiographic materials having emulsion grains rich in silver chloride 失效具有富含氯化银乳剂颗粒的射线照相材料的加工
公开(公告)号：US06066441A
公开(公告)日：2000-05-23
申请号：US303545
申请日：1999-05-03
IPC分类号： G03C5/26 , C03C1/06 , G03C1/005 , G03C1/035 , G03C1/06 , G03C1/09 , G03C1/74 , G03C5/16 , G03C5/30 , G03C5/31
CPC分类号： C03C1/06 , G03C1/06 , G03C1/005 , G03C1/0051 , G03C1/0053 , G03C1/035 , G03C1/09 , G03C2001/03517 , G03C2001/03541 , G03C2001/091 , G03C2001/095 , G03C2001/097 , G03C2005/168 , G03C2005/3007 , G03C2200/01 , G03C2200/03 , G03C5/16 , G03C5/30
摘要： A method is disclosed of processing an exposed black-and-white light-sensitive silver halide photographic material having silver halide, coated in an amount, expressed as an equivalent amount of silver nitrate of less than 6 g/m.sup.2 comprising the steps of developing, fixing, rinsing and drying, making use in the developing step of an ascorbic acid type developer and of an equivalent developer replenisher providing a regeneration amount of less than 150 ml/m.sup.2, characterized in that the said material has a buffering capacity of less than 6 mmole/m.sup.2, wherein said buffering capacity is defined as the amount of alkali, expressed in mmole/square meter, required to bridge across pH differences between the material and the developer.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种处理具有卤化银的暴露的黑白感光卤化银照相材料的方法，其涂布量以等于数量的硝酸银表示，小于6g / m 2，其包括显影， 固定，漂洗和干燥，用于抗坏血酸型显影剂的显影步骤和提供小于150ml / m 2的再生量的等效显影剂补充液，其特征在于所述材料具有小于6的缓冲能力 mmole / m2，其中所述缓冲能力定义为桥接跨材料和显影剂之间的pH差异所需的碱量（以毫摩尔/平方米表示）。
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公开(公告)号：US5998083A
公开(公告)日：1999-12-07
申请号：US028758
申请日：1998-02-24
摘要： An image-forming system for radiological imaging is disclosed said system consisting of an intensifying screen comprising on a support at least one layer of a green-light emitting phosphor and, in operative association therewith, a prehardened light-sensitive photographic silver halide film material, comprising a support and on both sides thereof one or more hydrophilic colloid layers, said layers being hardened to such an extent that their swelling degree is reduced to less than 200% after immersing said material for 2 minutes in demineralised water of 35.degree. C.; further comprising in at least one of said hydrophilic layers chemically ripened, monodisperse essentially cubic silver chloroiodide grains having a mean crystal diameter of from 0.40 mm up to 0.65 mm; wherein said grains have been spectrally sensitised in the wavelength range between 520 and 580 nm, have a maximum absorption between 540 and 500 nm and have been coated in a total amount of silver per sq.m. of from 6 g up to 8 g, wherein said amount is expressed as an equivalent amount of silver nitrate per sq.m.; said image-forming system being characterised in that said silver chloroiodide grains have been doped with a complex ion compound satisfying the formula[ML.sub.6 ].sup.n- (I)whereinM represents a filled frontier orbital polyvalent metal ion;L.sub.6 represents six coordination complex ligands which are independently selected, provided that at least three, more preferred four, of the said ligands are more electronegative than any halide ligand and at least four of the said ligands are anionic ligands; n=1, 2, 3 or 4;and wherein the energetic distance between filled higher occupied (HOMO) and lower unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbital is more than 27000 cm.sup.-1.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于放射成像的图像形成系统，所述系统由增强屏幕组成，所述增强屏幕包括在至少一层绿光发射荧光体的支撑件上，并且与其可操作地相关联的预硬化的感光照相卤化银膜材料， 其包含支撑体，并且在其两侧上具有一个或多个亲水胶体层，所述层被硬化至使其在35℃的软化水中浸渍2分钟后其溶胀度降低至小于200％的程度。 还包括在所述亲水层中的至少一个化学成熟，单分散基本上具有0.40mm至0.65mm的平均晶体直径的立方体氯化银银晶粒; 其中所述晶粒已经在520和580nm之间的波长范围内被光谱增感，在540和500nm之间具有最大吸收，并且已经以每平方米的总量涂覆银。 为6g至8g，其中所述量表示为每平方米当量的硝酸银。 所述成像系统的特征在于所述氯代碘化银颗粒已经掺杂满足式[ML6] n-n（I）的复合离子化合物，其中M表示填充的边界轨道多价金属离子; L6表示独立选择的六个配位络合配体，只要至少三个，更优选的四个所述配体比任何卤化物配体更具有电负性，并且至少四个所述配体是阴离子配体; n = 1,2,3或4; 并且其中填充的较高占据（HOMO）和较低未占据（LUMO）分子轨道之间的能量距离大于27000cm -1。
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9.发明授权Radiographic film material exhibiting increased covering power and “colder” blue-black image tone 失效显示增加覆盖力和“较冷”的蓝黑色图像色调的放射照相胶片材料公开(公告)号：US06346360B1
公开(公告)日：2002-02-12
申请号：US09706835
申请日：2000-11-07
申请人： Ann Verbeeck , Freddy Henderickx
发明人： Ann Verbeeck , Freddy Henderickx
IPC分类号： G03C517
CPC分类号： G03C5/16 , G03C1/0051 , G03C1/12 , G03C1/122 , G03C1/7614 , G03C5/17 , G03C2001/03511 , G03C2001/03535 , G03C2001/7635 , G03C2005/168 , G03C2007/3025 , G03C2200/03 , G03C2200/40 , G21K4/00 , G21K2004/06 , Y10S430/166 , Y10S430/167
摘要： A radiographic film material has been provided, comprising a transparent film support having first and second major surfaces coated, apart from a subbing layer and, optionally, a non-light-sensitive hydrophilic layer thereupon, with at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer overcoated with a protective antistress layer, said emulsion layer(s) having chemically and spectrally sensitized {111} tabular hexagonal core-shell emulsion grains or crystals in an amount of at least 50% of the total projective grain surface of all grains, said grains being composed of a silver bromide core and a silver bromoiodide shell having an average amount over the whole crystal volume of more than 90 mole % of silver bromide, said grains further having a mean equivalent volume diameter of from 0.3 &mgr;m up to 1.0 &mgr;m and an average grain thickness of less than 0.30 &mgr;m, wherein said film material is coated with a total amount of silver, expressed as an equivalent amount of silver nitrate of less than 7 g/m2, characterized in that all silver iodide is present in an outermost shell corresponding with at most 20% of all silver halide precipitated in order to provide silver iodide to be present in the whole grain volume of said tabular grains in an average amount of less than 1 mole % of iodide, based on silver and in that said protective antistress layer, said non-light-sensitive hydrophilic layer or both said protective antistress layer and said non-light-sensitive hydrophilic layer comprise a mercapto-tetrazole compound as in general formula (I), presented in the claims and in the detailed description, said compound being present in high amounts of at least 0.5 mmole per mole of silver halide coated.
摘要翻译： 已经提供了一种放射照相胶片材料，其包括透明膜支撑体，其具有第一和第二主表面，除了底层和任选的非光敏亲水层之外，还包括至少一种感光卤化银乳剂 所述乳剂层具有化学和光谱增感的{111}平板状六角形核 - 壳乳剂颗粒或晶体，其量为所有颗粒的总投射颗粒表面的至少50％，所述颗粒表面 颗粒由溴化银核和银溴碘化银壳组成，其平均量超过90％以上溴化银的整体结晶体积，所述颗粒的平均当量体积直径为0.3μm至1.0μm， 平均颗粒厚度小于0.30μm，其中所述薄膜材料涂覆有总量的银，其表示为当量的硝酸银 其特征在于，所有碘化银存在于最外壳中，对应于所有卤化银沉淀的至多20％，以便提供碘化银存在于所述片状颗粒的整个颗粒体积中 平均量小于1摩尔％的碘化物，基于银，并且在所述保护性抗静电层中，所述非感光亲水层或所述保护性抗过敏层和所述非感光亲水层均包含巯基四唑 所述化合物如权利要求书和详细描述中所述的通式（I）所示的化合物，所述化合物以每摩尔涂覆的卤化银至少0.5毫摩尔的量存在。
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10.发明授权Silver halide photographic material exhibiting increased covering power and “colder” blue-black image tone 失效卤化银照相材料表现出增加的覆盖力和“较冷”的蓝黑色图像色调公开(公告)号：US06342338B1
公开(公告)日：2002-01-29
申请号：US09710838
申请日：2000-11-14
IPC分类号： G03C135
CPC分类号： G03C1/7614 , G03C1/0051 , G03C1/122 , G03C5/17 , G03C2001/0055 , G03C2200/03 , Y10S430/166 , Y10S430/167 , Y10S430/168
摘要： A black-and-white silver halide photographic film material, particularly suitable for use in radiography, has been disclosed, said material comprising a transparent film support having first and second major surfaces coated with a subbing layer, further coated adjacent thereto on one side (for a single-side coated material) or on both sides (for a duplitized material) of said film support and overcoated with a protective antistress layer, a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having chemically and spectrally sensitized {111} tabular hexagonal grains, accounting for at least 50% of the total projective surface of all grains, wherein said film material is coated with a low amount of silver and wherein said protective antistress layer(s)and/or another hydrophilic non-light-sensitive layer comprise(s) a compound according to general formula (I) in an amount of at least 0.5 mmole per mole of coated silver halide, as claimed. A radiographic screen/film combination has also been disclosed, said combination comprising a duplitized film as described herein sandwiched between a pair of supported or self-supporting X-ray intensifying screens emitting radiation in the wavelength range for which said material has been made spectrally sensitive in order to obtain a black-and-white image after exposure of said screen/film combination, followed by processing of the film material.
摘要翻译： 已经公开了特别适合用于放射照相术的黑白卤化银照相胶片材料，所述材料包括透明膜支撑体，所述透明膜支撑体具有涂覆有底层的第一和第二主表面，其一侧进一步涂覆在其上 对于单面涂层材料）或在所述膜支撑体的两侧（用于双面照射材料）并用保护性抗阻层覆盖，具有化学和光谱增感{111}片状六边形晶粒的感光卤化银乳剂层， 占所有颗粒的总投影表面的至少50％，其中所述膜材料涂覆有少量的银，并且其中所述保护抗静电层和/或另一亲水性非感光层包含（s ）根据通式（I）的化合物，其量为每摩尔涂覆的卤化银至少为0.5毫摩尔，如所要求保护的.A射线照相屏/膜组合也已经被 所述组合包括如本文所述的双面胶片夹在一对支撑的或自支撑的X射线增强屏幕之间，所述X射线增强屏幕在所述材料已被制成光谱敏感的波长范围内发射辐射，以获得黑 - 所述屏幕/胶片组合曝光后的白色图像，随后加工薄膜材料。
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